Research Publications

Publications by Genetic Engineering and Society Center affiliated faculty and students. Use the search function to find papers by keyword, author, year, etc..

Affiliated Faculty: Please submit recent publications to have them added to this list.

2012—Present

Full CitationArticle (Click +/- beside the title to show/hide full citation and additional details)Affiliate(s)AbstractSignificanceKeywordsAltmetric
Grieger, K., Bourne, K., Deviney, A., & Barry, N. (2025, December 9). Six key steps for stakeholder engagement. i2Insights. https://i2insights.org/2025/12/09/six-steps-for-stakeholder-engagementSix key steps for stakeholder engagementKhara Grieger, Nourou Barry202512/9/2025How can you systematically plan stakeholder engagement? What are the key issues that need to be considered? What guiding questions can help?In a piece for i2Insights, the authors outline a six-step framework developed at the STEPS Center for designing and carrying out stakeholder engagement—from clarifying goals and recruiting participants to synthesizing results and improving future practice. Their approach, grounded in research on phosphorus sustainability, highlights practical questions that teams can use to guide each stage of the process. It also raises an invitation to others working in different domains: Which steps resonate with your own experience? What additional issues or tools shape your engagement planning?Stakeholder engagement, phosphorus, sustainability, wicked problemshttps://i2insights.org/2025/12/09/six-steps-for-stakeholder-engagementIntegration and Implementation Insights
Koivusaari, K., Aimutis, W.R., Sanders, K., Schroeder-Moreno, M., Hill, D., Consavage Stanley, K., Shirwaiker, R., Grieger, K. (2025). An Extension Guide to Alternative Proteins. NC State Extension. Retrieved from https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/an-extension-guide-to-alternative-proteins. PDF. GraphicAn Extension Guide to Alternative ProteinsKhara Grieger, Katie Sanders202510/8/2025Alternative proteins offer a promising way to meet rising global demand for protein as the population grows and natural resources become increasingly strained. Produced through plants, fermentation, or cell cultivation, these protein options may reduce environmental impacts such as land use, water consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions. They also provide nutritious, cholesterol-free, and fiber-rich choices that appeal to a range of dietary preferences, from vegetarian to flexitarian. By diversifying food systems, alternative proteins can contribute to both food security and sustainable agriculture.Alternative proteins, Sustainability, Food systems, Food manufacturing, Genetic engineeringhttps://content.ces.ncsu.edu/an-extension-guide-to-alternative-proteinshttps://ges.research.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/An-Extension-Guide-to-Alternative-Proteins_NCSU_2025.pdfhttps://ges.research.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Extension-Guide-to-Alt-Proteins_NCSU_2025_full.jpgNC State University Extension Services
Loschin, N., Kuzma, J., Barrangou, R., & Grieger, K. (2025). Environmental assessment and regulatory oversight of genetically engineered crops in the United States. Environmental Science & Policy, 173, 104237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104237. PDF. Graphic. PodcastEnvironmental assessment and regulatory oversight of genetically engineered crops in the United StatesNick Loschin, Jennifer Kuzma, Rodolphe Barrangou, Khara Grieger202510/7/2025Biotechnology advancements are rapidly shaping the future of food and agriculture with genetic engineering tools utilizing both classical transgenic methods and cutting-edge genome editing techniques such as CRISPR. These advancements have expanded the development of crops with novel traits, with a wide range of applications. At the same time, the regulatory system and assessment processes have struggled to keep pace with these rapid innovations and techniques. Notably, this can be an issue when investigating the potential environmental impacts in the development and production of these crops due to the complexity and temporal nature of potential risks. This study explores how environmental assessments for genetically engineered crops have been and are currently being conducted in the United States. This was done by outlining the regulatory framework and environmental assessment processes across federal agencies and then examining five case studies that reflect both incumbent and rising genetic engineering techniques. The robustness of the environmental assessment was evaluated for each case based on the submitted information and the depth of analysis conducted. Conclusions from this study gleaned three major recommendations: (1) the need for governance systems keeping pace with novel innovations, (2) an overall strengthening of environmental oversight for genetically engineered crops, and (3) the need for transparency throughout the assessment processes. This research aims to foster improved environmental assessment and governance practices for novel applications of genetic engineering in food and agriculture systems.This study aimed to clarify and evaluate the environmental oversight process for GE crops in the U.S. by analyzing publicly available information and literature on governance and regulatory responsibilities, particularly those of the EPA and USDA. We examined five case studies to assess the robustness of environmental evaluations as GE crops moved through the U.S. regulatory system. Our analysis revealed three key takeaways about the governance of GE crops that should be considered to strengthen environmental assessment and oversight practices. First, regulatory frameworks must keep pace with advances in biotechnology. Second, environmental oversight of GE crops should be strengthened by expanding assessment parameters beyond traditional evaluations and strengthening environmental monitoring. Third, transparency and engagement in the oversight process must be strengthened. As GE technologies and applications continue to evolve and expand (e.g., sprayable RNAi and spray-on genome editing), and regulators decide what is needed in their oversight, this study offers insights into improving environmental assessment procedures. By illustrating both strengths and limitations in the current system, this research aims to foster more effective and adaptive regulatory practices for GE crops in a globally integrated food and agriculture supply chain. It may also be applicable to a global geopolitical context as countries across the world continue to adapt their regulations and oversight with novel biotechnology innovations.Biotechnology Regulation, Genetic Engineering, Genome Editing, Environmental Assessment, Regulatory Oversight, Biotechnology Governance, Emerging Technologieshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104237https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1462901125002539https://ges.research.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Loschin-et-al-Env-assess-reg-oversight-GE-crops_ESD_2025.pdfhttps://ges.research.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Loschin-et-al-Env-assess-reg-oversight-GE-crops_ESP_2025_full.jpg10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104237Environmental Science & Policy
Grieger, K., Barry, N., Bourne, K., Deviney, A., Elser, J. J., Scholz, M., & Jones, J. L. (2025). Engaging stakeholders in phosphorus sustainability: Challenges, lessons learned, and implications for addressing other wicked problems. Elementa, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2024.00060. PDF. Graphic. PodcastEngaging stakeholders in phosphorus sustainability: Challenges, lessons learned, and implications for addressing other wicked problemsKhara Grieger, Nourou Barry20259/16/2025To address wicked problems, particularly in sustainability, interdisciplinary solutions that bridge science and society are essential. These solutions inevitably require the involvement of diverse stakeholders. However, the field of stakeholder engagement includes a wide range of approaches, and there is no universally agreed-upon set of standard practices for engagement, particularly in wicked problem contexts. This article addresses this gap by connecting scientific knowledge on stakeholder engagement with an exploration of its challenges, drawing from both the broader literature and the authors’ own experiences in sustainability contexts. In particular, this article first identifies and briefly reviews 6 key steps and best practices for stakeholder engagement, and then discusses challenges and lessons learned from engaging stakeholders in the context of phosphorus sustainability largely within U.S. contexts. Phosphorus sustainability is a valuable case study due to its vital role in supporting global agriculture and societal functioning, while also contributing to environmental challenges caused by excess runoff, among other issues. Reflecting on both best practices and our own experiences, we identify 3 key challenges to engaging stakeholders in phosphorus sustainability: (i) managing the inherent tensions between breadth and depth of engagement, (ii) difficulties in evaluating the collective impact of engagement, and (iii) building sufficient capacity in carrying out engagement. To address these limitations, we highlight lessons we have learned in our own engagement efforts and provide recommendations for future research on stakeholder engagement, particularly in the context of wicked sustainability problems.This article by Grieger et al. (2025) shows how structured stakeholder engagement can advance phosphorus sustainability and other complex environmental challenges. Drawing on the STEPS Center’s work, it highlights best practices across engagement stages and identifies persistent hurdles like balancing breadth and depth, measuring impact, and building institutional support. The piece offers a practical framework for aligning science, policy, and communities in tackling “wicked” sustainability problems.Stakeholder engagement, phosphorus, sustainability, wicked problemshttps://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2024.00060https://online.ucpress.edu/elementa/article/13/1/00060/213265/Engaging-stakeholders-in-phosphorus-sustainabilityhttps://ges.research.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Grieger-et-al_Engaging-stakeholders-P-Sust_Elementa_2025.pdfhttps://ges.research.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/POD_S1E5_Grieger_Engaging-stakeholders-P-Sustainability.jpg10.1525/elementa.2024.00060Elementa
Horgan, M. D., Cummings, C. L., Kuzma, J., Dahlstrom, M., Cimadori, I., Cuchiara, M., Larter, C., Loschin, N., & Grieger, K. D. (2025). Beyond the Hype: Stakeholder Perceptions of Nanotechnology and Genetic Engineering for Sustainable Food Production. Sustainability, 17(15), 6795. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17156795. PDF. Graphic. PodcastBeyond the Hype: Stakeholder Perceptions of Nanotechnology and Genetic Engineering for Sustainable Food ProductionChristopher L. Cummings, Jennifer Kuzma, Ilaria Cimadori, Nick Loschin, Khara Grieger20257/25/2025Ensuring sustainable food systems is an urgent global priority as populations grow and environmental pressures mount. Technological innovations such as genetic engineering (GE) and nanotechnology (nano) have been promoted as promising pathways for achieving greater sustainability in agriculture and food production. Yet, the sustainability of these technologies is not defined by technical performance alone; it hinges on how they are perceived by key stakeholders and how well they align with broader societal values. This study addresses the critical question of how expert stakeholders evaluate the sustainability of GE and nano-based food and agriculture (agrifood) products. Using a multi-method online platform, we engaged 42 experts across academia, government, industry, and NGOs in the United States to assess six real-world case studies—three using GE and three using nano—across ten different dimensions of sustainability. We show that nano-based products were consistently rated more favorably than their GE counterparts in terms of environmental, economic, and social sustainability, as well as across ethical and societal dimensions. Like prior studies, our results reveal that stakeholders see meaningful distinctions between nanotechnology and biotechnology, likely due to underlying value-based concerns about animal welfare, perceived naturalness, or corporate control of agrifood systems. The fruit coating and flu vaccine—both nano-enabled—received the most positive ratings, while GE mustard greens and salmon were the most polarizing. These results underscore the importance of incorporating stakeholder perspectives in technology assessment and innovation governance. These results also suggest that responsible innovation efforts in agrifood systems should prioritize communication, addressing meaningful societal needs, and the contextual understanding of societal values to build trust and legitimacy.Technological innovations such as genetic engineering (GE) and nanotechnology (nano) have been promoted as promising pathways for achieving greater sustainability in agriculture and food production. Yet, the sustainability of these technologies is not defined by technical performance alone; it hinges on how they are perceived by key stakeholders and how well they align with broader societal values. This study addresses the critical question of how expert stakeholders evaluate the sustainability of GE and nano-based food and agriculture (agrifood) products.Agrifood technologies; Genetic engineering; Nanotechnology; Perceptions of sustainability; Stakeholder engagement; Responsible innovation; Technology governancehttps://doi.org/10.3390/su17156795https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/15/6795https://ges.research.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/sustainability-17-06795.pdfhttps://ges.research.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/Horgan-et-al_Stakeholder-perceptions-of-nano-and-ge-in-food_Sustainability_2025_full.jpg10.3390/su17156795Sustainability
Oates, C. C., Grieger, K., Emanuel, R., & Nelson, N. G. (2025). Surface waters in socially vulnerable areas are disproportionately under-monitored for nutrients in the US South Atlantic-Gulf region. Nature Water, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44221-025-00460-5.Surface waters in socially vulnerable areas are disproportionately under-monitored for nutrients in the US South Atlantic-Gulf regionKhara Grieger20257/15/2025This study investigates whether active water quality monitoring stations are proportionately distributed across communities of varying social vulnerability. We specifically focus on nutrient monitoring of surface waters in the South Atlantic-Gulf region, a water-rich area with wide-ranging land uses and communities that span the social vulnerability spectrum. We used 2018–2022 data from the US Water Quality Portal to compare station locations to metrics from the US Centers for Disease Control Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) and hydrography from the US Geological Survey. Statistical analyses revealed a substantial imbalance in the distribution of active monitoring station placements, with more monitoring stations in lower vulnerability areas and fewer in high vulnerability areas, and patterns that vary by state. Stations were clustered in areas of similar SVI values; areas were less likely to be monitored if they were near tracts with differing SVI values.Water quality, Nutrient monitoring, Social vulnerability, Hydrographyhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s44221-025-00460-5https://www.nature.com/articles/s44221-025-00460-510.1038/s44221-025-00460-5Nature Water
Bacheva, V., Madison, I., Baldwin, M., Baker, J., Beilstein, M., Call, D. F., Deaver, J. A., Efimenko, K., Genzer, J., Grieger, K., . . . Stroock, A. D. (2025). Transdisciplinary Collaborations for Advancing Sustainable and Resilient Agricultural Systems. Global Change Biology, 31(4), e70142. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70142. PDFTransdisciplinary Collaborations for Advancing Sustainable and Resilient Agricultural SystemsKhara Grieger20254/8/2025Feeding the growing human population sustainably amidst climate change is one of the most important challenges in the 21st century. Current practices often lead to the overuse of agronomic inputs, such as synthetic fertilizers and water, resulting in environmental contamination and diminishing returns on crop productivity. The complexity of agricultural systems, involving plant-environment interactions and human management, presents significant scientific and technical challenges for developing sustainable practices. Addressing these challenges necessitates transdisciplinary research, involving intense collaboration among fields such as plant science, engineering, computer science, and social sciences. Five case studies are presented here demonstrating successful transdisciplinary approaches toward more sustainable water and fertilizer use. These case studies span multiple scales. By leveraging whole-plant signaling, reporter plants can transform our understanding of plant communication and enable efficient application of water and fertilizers. The use of new fertilizer technologies could increase the availability of phosphorus in the soil. To accelerate advancements in breeding new cultivars, robotic technologies for high-throughput plant screening in different environments at a population scale are discussed. At the ecosystem scale, phosphorus recovery from aquatic systems and methods to minimize phosphorus leaching are described. Finally, as agricultural outputs affect all people, integration of stakeholder perspectives and needs into research is outlined. These case studies highlight how transdisciplinary research and cross-training among biologists, engineers, and social scientists bring diverse expertise to tackling grand challenges in sustainable agriculture, driving discovery and innovation.These case studies highlight how transdisciplinary research and cross-training among biologists, engineers, and social scientists bring diverse expertise to tackling grand challenges in sustainable agriculture, driving discovery and innovation.Phosphorus, Sustainable food and agriculturehttps://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70142https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/gcb.70142https://ges.research.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Bacheva.Grieger_et-al.-Global-Change-Biology_2025.pdf10.1111/gcb.70142Global Change Biology
Grieger, K., Scholz, M., Cummings, C.L. et al. Exploring awareness, implementation, and future use of urine diversion systems in U.S. university buildings. Environ Syst Decis 45, 17 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-025-10011-8. PDFExploring awareness, implementation, and future use of urine diversion systems in U.S. university buildingsKhara Grieger, Christopher L. Cummings20254/5/2025Urine diversion systems, which include waterless urinals and urine-diverting flush toilets, offer opportunities to conserve water, recover nutrients, promote circular economies, and improve sustainability. While technical development of these systems is critical, understanding stakeholder perceptions is equally important for their successful innovation, implementation, and adoption. This study conducts an exploratory analysis of stakeholder perceptions at U.S. academic institutions regarding how urine diversion technologies fit within the broader array of water conservation technologies and factors that influence decision-making related to urine diversion in buildings. We surveyed 65 stakeholders, including executive leaders, administrators, facilities managers, building managers, and sustainability professionals—key groups responsible for the adoption and maintenance of such systems but underrepresented in prior research. Participants reported a high level of awareness of water conservation technologies and varying degrees of implementation. Across all technologies, low-flush fixtures had the highest rate of implementation and waterless urinals had the highest rate of implementation and subsequent removal due to maintenance and infrastructure challenges. Participants also indicated that compliance with plumbing codes was the most critical factor when considering the implementation of urine diversion systems, followed by efficacy and cost-savings, and water conservation and nutrient recovery were among the least important factors. Future studies should focus on aligning urine diversion systems with building codes and regulations, mitigating clogging and odors to improve acceptance and adoption, and estimating costs and benefits when deciding on their implementation.Urine diversion systems, which include waterless urinals and urine-diverting flush toilets, offer opportunities to conserve water, recover nutrients, promote circular economies, and improve sustainability. While technical development of these systems is critical, understanding stakeholder perceptions is equally important for their successful innovation, implementation, and adoption. We surveyed 65 stakeholders, including executive leaders, administrators, facilities managers, building managers, and sustainability professionals—key groups responsible for the adoption and maintenance of such systems but underrepresented in prior research.Urine diversion, Phosphorus sustainability, Stakeholder perceptionshttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-025-10011-8https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10669-025-10011-8https://ges.research.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Grieger-et-al.-ESD_2025.pdf10.1007/s10669-025-10011-8 Environment Systems and Decisions
Cimadori I, Di Concetto A, Grieger K. The Protection of Selectively Bred and Gene Edited Farm Animals under EU Law. European Journal of Risk Regulation. (2025) 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1017/err.2025.12. PDF. GraphicThe Protection of Selectively Bred and Gene Edited Farm Animals under EU LawKhara Grieger20253/17/2025Since the eighteenth century, animal breeding has significantly evolved, culminating in the use of gene editing (GE) technologies like CRISPR-Cas9. These technologies offer unprecedented capabilities to modify animal genomes, potentially revolutionising breeding practices by achieving desired traits much faster compared to traditional selective breeding (SB). Because breeding programmes focussed on productivity traits have often compromised animal welfare, this article provides an analysis of the ethical issues underpinning the use of GE in animal breeding, and the current laws regulating such practices. In doing so, this article critically examines the European Union (EU)’s regulatory framework for SB and GE in farm animals, highlighting significant gaps and inconsistencies. Specifically, the use of GE animals is currently regulated under the EU’s GMO legislation, while SB is more loosely regulated, posing substantial risks to animal welfare. The authors advocate for a regulatory framework that prioritises animal welfare goals and proposes reforms to enhance animal protection objectives by ensuring a more consistent and humane approach to farm animal breeding.This article provides an analysis of the ethical issues underpinning the use of gene editing in animal breeding, and the current laws regulating such practices. In doing so, this article critically examines the European Union (EU)’s regulatory framework for selective breeding and gene editing in farm animals, highlighting significant gaps and inconsistencies.Animal welfare, Gene editing, Selective breedinghttps://doi.org/10.1017/err.2025.12https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/european-journal-of-risk-regulation/article/protection-of-selectively-bred-and-gene-edited-farm-animals-under-eu-law/44FC16317466A65A655C352A0226544Dhttps://ges.research.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Cimadori-et-al.-Gene-edited-animals-2025.pdfhttps://ges.research.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Cimadori-et-al.-Gene-edited-animals-2025_full.jpg10.1017/err.2025.12European Journal of Risk Regulation
Brannon A. and Grieger K. “Addressing PFAS Biosolid Contamination on Farmland.” Southern Ag Today 5(9.5). February 28, 2025. Permalink https://southernagtoday.org/2025/02/07/addressing-pfas-biosolid-contamination-on-farmland/.Addressing PFAS Biosolid Contamination on FarmlandKhara Grieger20252/28/2025Johnson County, Texas, recently requested federal disaster relief over PFAS contamination from biosolid applications on farmland, adding perhaps another theory of redress for such contamination of soils and water. PFAS, which stands for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, are man-made chemicals applied in various consumer and industrial uses. PFAS do not easily degrade in the environment and are often referred to as “forever chemicals.” While scientists are early in understanding PFAS’ full range of health and environmental effects, studies indicate links to adverse health outcomes, including cancer and liver and thyroid functioning. PFAS have been released across the county in the air, into water, and onto land. The federal disaster request supplements Johnson County residents’ 2024 federal environmental lawsuit against the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and state tort claim against a fertilizer manufacturer.PFAS is an emerging risk that many North Carolinians face, including farmers. While there have been regulations set on levels of PFAS in public drinking water, there are no safety standards for PFAS in soil. A lawsuit in Texas brings to the forefront some of the litigation issues surrounding PFAS in agricultural lands, particularly if they arise from biosolid applications.PFAS, biosolidshttps://southernagtoday.org/2025/02/07/addressing-pfas-biosolid-contamination-on-farmland/
Oates C., Fajardo H., Grieger K., Obenour D., Muenich R. L., & Nelson N. G. (2024) Effective Nutrient Management of Surface Waters in the United States Requires Expanded Water Quality Monitoring in Agriculturally Intensive Areas. ACS Environ Au.5(1):1-11. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenvironau.4c00060. PDF. GraphicEffective Nutrient Management of Surface Waters in the United States Requires Expanded Water Quality Monitoring in Agriculturally Intensive AreasKhara Grieger202411/28/2024The U.S. Clean Water Act is believed to have driven widespread decreases in pollutants from point sources and developed areas, but has not substantially affected nutrient pollution from agriculture. Today, the highest nutrient concentrations in surface waters are often associated with agricultural production. In this Perspective, we explore whether challenges stemming from the Clean Water Act’s inability to mitigate agricultural nutrient pollution are also exacerbated by coarse nutrient monitoring. We evaluate the current state of nutrient monitoring in surface waters of the contiguous U.S. relative to agricultural nutrient inputs to assess how monitoring effort varies across agriculturally intensive areas. The locations of nutrient monitoring stations with approximately seasonal sampling frequency (4 samples per year, on average) from 2012 to 2021 were compiled from the U.S. Water Quality Portal. Monitoring station locations were then compared to watershed-scale (HUC-8) nutrient inventory estimates for agricultural fertilizer and livestock manure inputs. From this assessment, we found that many, but not all, of the nation’s most agriculturally intensive areas are under-monitored, and often unmonitored. While it is well-known that the Midwest is the epicenter of agricultural production in the U.S., our results reveal it is poorly monitored relative to its agricultural nutrient inputs. Other regions, like the California Central Valley and parts of the southeastern Coastal Plain were also coarsely monitored relative to nutrient inputs. Conversely, some agriculturally intensive watersheds were moderately-to-well monitored (e.g., western Lake Erie basin, eastern North Carolina, and the Delmarva Peninsula), with these basins largely having established Total Maximum Daily Loads and discharging to prominent waterways. In closing, we argue that sparse monitoring across many of the nation’s most agriculturally intensive areas motivate a need to re-envision nutrient monitoring networks, and that increased resources and advanced technologies are likely required to enable effective nutrient source identification throughout the nation.We argue that sparse monitoring across many of the nation’s most agriculturally intensive areas motivate a need to re-envision nutrient monitoring networks, and that increased resources and advanced technologies are likely required to enable effective nutrient source identification throughout the nation.Phosphorus, Nitrogen, Clean Water Act, Federal Water Pollution Control Act, Nutrient Inventoryhttps://doi.org/10.1021/acsenvironau.4c00060https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsenvironau.4c00060https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acsenvironau.4c00060?ref=article_openPDFhttps://ges.research.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Oates-Grieger-et-al-Nutrient-Mgmt-Surface-Waters-ACS-Env-2024.jpg10.1021/acsenvironau.4c00060ACS Environmental Au
Jones, J.L., Berube, D., Cuchiara, M., Grieger, K. et al. (2024) Positioning nanotechnology to address climate change. Environment Systems and Decisions. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-024-09991-w. PDF. Graphic.Positioning nanotechnology to address climate changeKhara Grieger, David Berube202410/9/2024One of society’s most pressing challenges in the twenty-first century is that of climate change. In fact, climate change is seen as the most defining issue of our time as we are witness to an anthropogenic perturbation in geology and earth sciences of global scale. To move forward in this new era, solutions will be sought to both mitigate the effects of climate change (e.g., reduce greenhouse gasses) as well as adapt and build resilience (e.g., improve infrastructure and agriculture to resist damage from extreme weather or floods). The immediacy of the needed solutions dictates that the response must use the full force of society’s current knowledge base, science, technology, and innovation. Nanotechnology, an enabling technology that has matured over the past few decades and now considered for general-purpose and mass use, is ideal for addressing climate change and its impacts. To position nanotechnology to address such complex challenges, this Perspective integrates collective insights from a broad range of viewpoints and presents recommendations for how research can be motivated and scoped, organized, and implemented to achieve beneficial outcomes and innovations in the most efficient ways. While this Perspective was created with a focus on the research landscape within the United States, the findings are also relevant in other international contexts. Research that can effectively advance nanotechnology solutions will be use-inspired basic research, incorporate systems-level thinking, apply a convergence research approach, engage stakeholders, and require advanced nanotechnology infrastructure. By illuminating this compelling and complex research topic, this Perspective aims to direct, inform, and accelerate needed actions in the research community to advance nanotechnology solutions for addressing climate change.This article examines how the advancement of nanotechnology can be harnessed to address the urgent challenge of climate change. It outlines strategies for integrating use-inspired basic research, systems-level thinking, and convergence research approaches to accelerate innovations in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, strengthening infrastructure resilience, and adapting agriculture to extreme weather events. By offering a comprehensive roadmap, the authors aim to guide research efforts and highlight the global potential of nanotechnology in developing impactful climate solutions.Nanotechnology, Convergence research, Climate change, Infrastructurehttps://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10669-024-09991-whttps://ges.research.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Jones_Nano-for-climate-change-Grieger-2024-s10669-024-09991-w.pdfhttps://ges.research.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Grieger-et-al_Nano-for-climate_Env-Sys-Des_2024_1920x1080.jpg10.1007/s10669-024-09991-wEnvironmental Systems and Decisions
Grieger, K.D., Loschin, N., Barnhill, K., Gould, F. (2024). Let’s Talk about Genetic Engineering: A Guide to Understanding Genetic Engineering and Its Applications in Food, Agriculture, and the Environment. NC State Extension. Retrieved from https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/lets-talk-about-genetic-engineering. PDF. GraphicLet’s Talk about Genetic Engineering: A Guide to Understanding Genetic Engineering and Its Applications in Food, Agriculture, and the EnvironmentKhara Grieger, Nick Loschin, Katie Barnhill, Fred Gould20248/6/2024Biotechnology refers to the field of science where genetic material, living organisms, cells, and biological systems can be studied or used to create products and technologies. For instance, genetic engineering refers to a powerful set of tools within the field of biotechnology. By using genetic engineering in food, agricultural, and environmental contexts, scientists have been able to develop new food products, crop varieties, and approaches to potentially restore ecosystems, among other examples. Many of these applications aim to improve or enhance food production, quality, and environmental conditions. At the same time, there have been significant discussions and public debates over the past few decades about the role of genetic engineering and its use in different fields. Today, scientists and regulatory officials continue to work together with other stakeholders from industry, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and members of the public to understand and address these concerns. This work also aims to refine approaches to evaluate safety and ensure sufficient regulatory oversight of genetic engineering and its use in various products and within different contexts. This publication outlines and describes core concepts related to genetic engineering and its use in food, agriculture, and the environment. This information may be particularly helpful for Extension agents, researchers, community members, government officials, and others who wish to better understand genetic engineering and the role it plays in our society.This publication outlines and describes core concepts related to genetic engineering and its use in food, agriculture, and the environment. This information may be particularly helpful for Extension agents, researchers, community members, government officials, and others who wish to better understand genetic engineering and the role it plays in our society.Genetic Engineering, Food, Agriculture, Environmenthttps://content.ces.ncsu.edu/lets-talk-about-genetic-engineeringhttps://ges.research.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Grieger-et-al-About-GE-2024.pdfhttps://ges.research.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Grieger-et-al-About-GE_2024_full.jpgNC State Extension
Merck, A., Grieger, K., Crane, L., Boyer, T. 2024. Researchers must address regulatory regimes to scale up adoption of urine diversion systems in the U.S. Environ. Res.: Infrastruct. Sustain. 4 023001. https://doi.org/10.1088/2634-4505/ad59c3. PDFResearchers must address regulatory regimes to scale up adoption of urine diversion systems in the U.S.Khara Grieger, Ashton Merck20247/1/2024Urine diversion (UD) is a system-of-systems that involves source separation of waste to maximize recovery of valuable nutrients, including phosphorus. Recent research shows how UD systems offer valuable ecological benefits and can aid in water conservation efforts, and public perception studies suggest that UD systems are generally viewed positively by end-users and the general public. Nevertheless, adoption and implementation of this promising sustainability solution remains limited in many countries, including the United States (U.S.). In this perspective, we argue that in order to scale up adoption in the U.S., UD researchers and innovators must do more to address regulatory barriers. We draw on insights from political science research on 'regulatory regimes' to introduce the array of regulations that apply to UD systems, with a focus on commercial and institutional buildings. We examine regulatory regimes all along the UD system-of-systems, beginning at the point of collection and ending at the point of beneficial reuse. We then propose next steps to address current regulatory challenges that impact adoption, with an emphasis on the importance of stakeholder coordination. Throughout, we argue that law and regulation plays a critical role in shaping adoption of UD technologies because: (1) different regulatory regimes will be important at different points in the system-of-systems, (2) there may be multiple regulatory regimes that apply to a single subsystem, and (3) it is important to consider that legal and regulatory definitions of a technology may not match scientific understanding.Urine diversion (UD) is a system-of-systems that involves source separation of waste to maximize recovery of valuable nutrients, including phosphorus. Recent research shows how UD systems offer valuable ecological benefits and can aid in water conservation efforts, and public perception studies suggest that UD systems are generally viewed positively by end-users and the general public. Nevertheless, adoption and implementation of this promising sustainability solution remains limited in many countries, including the United States (U.S.). In this perspective, we argue that in order to scale up adoption in the U.S., UD researchers and innovators must do more to address regulatory barriers.Urine diversion, Phosphorus, Regulationhttps://doi.org/10.1088/2634-4505/ad59c3https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2634-4505/ad59c3https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2634-4505/ad59c3/pdf10.1088/2634-4505/ad59c3Environ. Res.: Infrastruct. Sustain.
Lowry, G.V., Giraldo, J.P., Steinmetz, N.F.,... Grieger, K., et al. Towards realizing nano-enabled precision delivery in plants. Nat. Nanotechnol. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-024-01667-5. PDF. GraphicTowards realizing nano-enabled precision delivery in plantsKhara Grieger20246/6/2024Nanocarriers (NCs) that can precisely deliver active agents, nutrients and genetic materials into plants will make crop agriculture more resilient to climate change and sustainable. As a research field, nano-agriculture is still developing, with significant scientific and societal barriers to overcome. In this Review, we argue that lessons can be learned from mammalian nanomedicine. In particular, it may be possible to enhance efficiency and efficacy by improving our understanding of how NC properties affect their interactions with plant surfaces and biomolecules, and their ability to carry and deliver cargo to specific locations. New tools are required to rapidly assess NC–plant interactions and to explore and verify the range of viable targeting approaches in plants. Elucidating these interactions can lead to the creation of computer-generated in silico models (digital twins) to predict the impact of different NC and plant properties, biological responses, and environmental conditions on the efficiency and efficacy of nanotechnology approaches. Finally, we highlight the need for nano-agriculture researchers and social scientists to converge in order to develop sustainable, safe and socially acceptable NCs.This Review discussed the development of digital plants from the scale of molecules to organisms. A digital plant model at this level of organization could potentially be incorporated into already existing crop or ecosystem models205 to simulate NC and environmental interactions at a larger scale. Overcoming these scientific challenges to develop globally sustainable nano-enabled precision delivery approaches will require convergence across both scientific and societal boundaries.Nanotechnology, Nano-carriers, Sustainabilityhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-024-01667-5https://link.springer.com/article/10.1038/s41565-024-01667-5https://ges.research.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Lowry-et-al.-NN-2024_In-print.pdf10.1038/s41565-024-01667-5Nat. Nanotechnol.
Grieger, K. , Wiener, J., Kuzma, J. Improving risk governance strategies via learning: a comparative analysis of solar radiation modification and gene drives. Environment Systems and Decisions. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-024-09979-6. PDF. Graphic.Improving risk governance strategies via learning: a comparative analysis of solar radiation modification and gene drivesKhara Grieger, Jennifer Kuzma20246/4/2024Stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) and gene drive organisms (GDOs) have been proposed as technological responses to complex entrenched environmental challenges. They also share several characteristics of emerging risks, including extensive uncertainties, systemic interdependencies, and risk profiles intertwined with societal contexts. This Perspective conducts a comparative analysis of the two technologies, and identifies ways in which their research and policy communities may learn from each other to inform future risk governance strategies. We find that SAI and GDOs share common features of aiming to improve or restore a public good, are characterized by numerous potential ecological, societal, and ethical risks associated with deep uncertainty, and are challenged by how best to coordinate behavior of different actors. Meanwhile, SAI and GDOs differ in their temporal and spatial mode of deployment, spread, degree and type of reversibility, and potential for environmental monitoring. Based on this analysis, we find the field of SAI may learn from GDOs by enhancing its international collaborations for governance and oversight, while the field of GDOs may learn from SAI by investing in research focused on economics and decision-modeling. Additionally, given the relatively early development stages of SAI and GDOs, there may be ample opportunities to learn from risk governance efforts of other emerging technologies, including the need for improved monitoring and incorporating aspects of responsible innovation in research and any deployment.By comparing and contrasting the technical and risk governance features of SAI and GDOs, this Perspective identifies ways in which research and policy communities may learn from each other to inform future risk governance strategies. Key findings include similarities and differences between the two emerging technologies, as well as opportunities for learning across these two domains and from other emerging technologies. We further suggest challenges and opportunities for SAI and GDOs on issues including international cooperative governance, economics and decision research, reversibility, adaptive learning, and monitoring. Overall, these suggestions may be useful for researchers, scholars, and decision-makers involved in the risk governance of SAI, GDOs, and other emerging technologies that are being investigated or considered as technological responses to complex environmental challenges.Gene drives, Risk governance, Stratospheric aerosol injectionhttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-024-09979-6https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10669-024-09979-6https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10669-024-09979-6.pdfhttps://ges.research.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Grieger-SGI-and-GDOs-RRI_2024_1500x844.jpg10.1007/s10669-024-09979-6Environment Systems and Decisions.
Grieger, K. & May, K. (2024). Guide to Understanding and Addressing PFAS in our Communities. NC State Extension. Retrieved from https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/Guide-to-Understanding-and-Addressing-PFAS-in-our-communities. PDFGuide to Understanding and Addressing PFAS in our CommunitiesKhara Grieger20241/18/2024This publication addresses the following questions:
  • What are per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)?
  • How could I be exposed?
  • What are the possible health effects from exposures?
  • Can I have my water or soil tested for PFAS?
  • Is it safe to eat from a home garden affected by PFAS?
  • Is it safe for my livestock to graze on land affected by PFAS?
  • How can we reduce our exposure?
  • How are regulatory agencies addressing PFAS?
While this does not relate to genetic engineering, PFAS continues to be a major risk to the state of North Carolina and our inhabitants. Stakeholders, citizens, and the public are increasingly requesting more information about PFAS and ways to reduce potential risks. This is the first NC State Extension publication (peer-reviewed) published on PFAS.PFAS, Water, Agriculture, Riskhttps://content.ces.ncsu.edu/Guide-to-Understanding-and-Addressing-PFAS-in-our-communities0NC State Extension
Grieger, K. and Kuzma, J. (2023) Ensuring Sustainable Novel Plant Biotechnologies Requires Formalized Research and Assessment Programs. ACS Agric. Sci. Technol. Article ASAP. doi: 10.1021/acsagscitech.3c00380. PDF. Graphical abstract. Supplementary cover artEnsuring Sustainable Novel Plant Biotechnologies Requires Formalized Research and Assessment ProgramsKhara Grieger, Jennifer Kuzma202310/19/2023To ensure sustainable food systems that rely on novel plant biotechnologies, sustainability must be assessed through formalized research programs with fit-for-purpose tools and approaches. This Viewpoint puts forward one approach for establishing such research programs for evaluating the sustainability of novel plant biotechnologies befitting the 21st century.Published as part of the ACS Agricultural Science & Technology virtual special issue “Plant Biotechnology, Molecular Breeding, and Food Security," this article highlights the pressing need for formalized research and assessment tools to evaluate the sustainability of new plant biotechnologies. Current oversight processes fall short by primarily focusing on safety and environmental concerns. To address this gap, the authors propose a federal office that coordinates research and standardizes assessment parameters. This approach ensures that emerging biotechnologies align with sustainability goals, provide broader benefits, and gain public trust, ultimately promoting sustainable food systems.Plant biotechnologies, Sustainability assessment, Genetic engineering, Federal oversight, Sustainable food systems10.1021/acsagscitech.3c00380https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsagscitech.3c00380#https://research.ncsu.edu/ges/files/2023/10/grieger-kuzma-2023-ensuring-sustainable-novel-plant-biotechnologies-requires-formalized-research-and-assessment-programs.pdfhttps://research.ncsu.edu/ges/files/2023/10/grieger-and-kuzma-sustainbility-assess.-of-novel-plant-biotech_acsagscitech_2023.jpeg10.1021/acsagscitech.3c00380ACS Agric. Sci. Technol.
Kuzma, J., Grieger, K., Cimadori, I., Cummings, C. L., Loschin, N., & Wei, W. (2023). Parameters, practices, and preferences for regulatory review of emerging biotechnology products in food and agriculture. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 11, 1256388. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1256388. PDFParameters, practices, and preferences for regulatory review of emerging biotechnology products in food and agricultureJennifer Kuzma, Khara Grieger, Ilaria Cimadori, Christopher L. Cummings, Nick Loschin, Wei Wei20239/28/2023This paper evaluates the U.S. regulatory review of three emerging biotechnology products according to parameters, practices, and endpoints of assessments that are important to stakeholders and publics. First, we present a summary of the literature on variables that are important to non-expert publics in governing biotech products, including ethical, social, policy process, and risk and benefit parameters. Second, we draw from our USDA-funded project results that surveyed stakeholders with subject matter expertise about their attitudes towards important risk, benefit, sustainability, and societal impact parameters for assessing novel agrifood technologies, including biotech. Third, we evaluate the regulatory assessments of three food and agricultural biotechnology case studies that have been reviewed under U.S. regulatory agencies and laws of the Coordinated Framework for the Regulation of Biotechnology, including gene-edited soybeans, beef cattle, and mustard greens. Evaluation of the regulatory review process was based on parameters identified in steps 1 and 2 which were deemed important to both publics and stakeholders. Based on this review, we then propose several policy options for U.S. federal agencies to strengthen their oversight processes to better align with a broader range of parameters to support sustainable agrifood products that rely on novel technologies. These policy options include 1) those that would not require new institutions or legal foundations (such as conducting Environmental Impact Statements and/or requiring a minimal level of safety data), 2) those that would require a novel institutional or cross-institutional framework (such as developing a publicly-available website and/or performing holistic sustainability assessments), and 3) those that would require the agencies to have additional legal authorities (such as requiring agencies to review biotech products according to a minimal set of health, environmental, and socio-economic parameters). Overall, the results of this analysis will be important for guiding policy practice and formulation in the regulatory assessment of emerging biotechnology products that challenge existing legal and institutional frameworks.This article reviews the U.S. regulatory process for gene-edited foods and finds that it does not adequately consider public concerns about transparency, trust, choice, equity, animal welfare, and longer-term ecosystem consequences. The authors propose policy changes to make the review process more holistic and transparent, and to give consumers more choice. These findings highlight the need for a more robust regulatory framework for gene-edited foods that reflects the concerns of the public.Regulation, Risk assessment, Governance, Biotechnology, Gene editing10.3389/fbioe.2023.1256388https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2023.1256388https://research.ncsu.edu/ges/files/2023/09/Kuzma-et-al_PPP-reg-review-of-emerging-biotech-in-food-and-ag_2023_fbioe-11-1256388.pdf10.3389/fbioe.2023.1256388Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
Nelson, N., Harris, A., Anarde, K., Hino, M., Grieger, K. 2023. Exercise Caution: Tidal Floods May Contain Pollutants. North Carolina Sea Grant. Available: https://ncseagrant.ncsu.edu/quick-links/tidalfloods/Exercise Caution: Tidal Floods May Contain PollutantsKhara Grieger20238/25/2023Coastal communities in North Carolina and other states are increasingly dealing with tidal floods. “Tidal floods” refers to the overflowing of saltwater from the ocean and other marine water bodies (sounds, estuaries) onto land. During these events, tidal floodwaters can become contaminated with various biological and chemical substances. For these reasons, it is recommended to minimize or avoid contact with floodwater to protect our health and the health of our communities.A multidisciplinary team is trying to better understand the water quality of tidal floodwaters, and ways in which we can protect our health. While the research is ongoing, this fact sheet may be helpful for government officials, researchers, advisory boards, local extension agents, and community outreach teams to better understand the potential health impacts of tidal floodwaters on coastal communities. Specific topics covered in this fact sheet include:● What is tidal flooding?● What do we know about the water quality of tidal floods?● What should I do if I encounter tidal floodwaters?● Can we predict when tidal flooding may occur?● How can I learn more about tidal flooding?Currently, we know very little about the water quality of tidal floods. Water quality refers to a range of chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of water (USGS 2019). Floodwaters may have poor water quality, as various biological and chemical contaminants may be introduced into the floodwaters from different sources, including yards, urban areas, or wastewater systems (e.g., sewage or septic). Biological contaminants can include bacterial, viral, or protozoan pathogens (e.g., E. coli, Vibrio), and chemical contaminants may include heavy metals (e.g., lead, mercury), pesticides, and industrial chemicals.While there have been very few published studies that have measured the water quality of tidal floods, it is important to consider the potential impact of water quality on public health in flooded areas. This is because people may walk or bicycle through tidal floodwaters and therefore come into contact with the floodwaters. If the water has poor quality, it may pose a health risk. Even after tidal floodwaters recede, contaminants can remain in the soil of yards, green areas (e.g., playgrounds), or in surrounding wetlands for months (CDC 2021a). More research is needed to better understand the water quality and public health impacts of tidal floods.Tidal floods, safety, risk, public healthhttps://ncseagrant.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Tidal-Floods-Fact-Sheet-NC-Sea-Grant-1-1.pdfhttps://ncseagrant.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Tidal-Floods-Fact-Sheet-NC-Sea-Grant-1-1.pdf0North Carolina Sea Grant
Merck, A.W., Grieger, K.D., Deviney, A., Marshall, A.-M. Using a Phosphorus Flow Diagram as a Boundary Object to Inform Stakeholder Engagement. Sustainability 2023, 15, 11496. doi: 10.3390/su151511496Using a Phosphorus Flow Diagram as a Boundary Object to Inform Stakeholder EngagementAshton Merck, Khara Grieger20237/25/2023Phosphorus (P) is essential for life on Earth, yet its current management is unsustainable. Stakeholder engagement is urgently needed to help ensure that scientific and technical solutions to improve P sustainability meet the needs of diverse groups, yet there are comparatively few studies that provide insights into stakeholder views, perceptions, or concerns. In this opinion, we use a mass flow diagram of P as a boundary object to understand the complex challenges of sustainable P management. In particular, we map US stakeholder groups onto the mass flow diagram to incorporate human factors into mass flows at a national scale. Our approach is grounded in well-established social–scientific methodologies, such as stakeholder mapping and social network analysis, but is applied in a novel way that can be generalized to other mass flows and geographic areas. We then suggest ways that researchers can use the annotated flow diagram to identify both knowledge gaps and research gaps in stakeholder engagement, especially in interdisciplinary or convergence research contexts.In this opinion, we used the P flow diagram as a boundary object to identify and organize potential US stakeholders in P sustainability, grounded in existing knowledge from literature on stakeholder engagement in P sustainability. The process outlined here reflects existing best practices in stakeholder research to define stakeholders as those who can influence, as well as those who are influenced by, decisions about the environment, subject to pragmatic constraints on participation. Furthermore, the approach proposed here responds to calls by other researchers to employ inclusive practices to involve previously overlooked stakeholders rather than relying on the “usual suspects” already known to decision makers and researchers.Stakeholder engagement, Phosphorus, Sustainability,Bboundary object10.3390/su151511496https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511496https://research.ncsu.edu/ges/files/2023/07/Greiger_P-flow-as-boundry-object-rt-engagement_Sustainability-15-11496-with-cover.pdfhttps://research.ncsu.edu/ges/files/2023/07/Greiger_P-as-boundary-object-Sustainability-graphic.jpg10.3390/su151511496Sustainability
Wei, W., Grieger, K., Cummings, C. L., Loschin, N., & Kuzma, J. (2023) Identifying sustainability assessment parameters for genetically engineered agrifoods. Plants, People, Planet. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10411PDFIdentifying sustainability assessment parameters for genetically engineered agrifoodsWei Wei, Khara Grieger, Christopher L. Cummings, Nick Loschin, Jennifer Kuzma20237/22/2023To achieve international sustainable development goals, food and agricultural production need to rely on sustainable and resilient practices. Traditional breeding as well as the use of new agricultural technologies, including genetic engineering and gene editing, have the potential to help achieve sustainable agrifood production. Although numerous oversight mechanisms exist to guarantee the secure and sustainable advancement and utilization of genetically engineered agrifoods, the majority of these mechanisms heavily depend on a narrow set of parameters to assess risks and safety concerning human health and nontarget organisms. However, a more comprehensive range of parameters should be considered to promote environmental and social sustainability in a more holistic manner. This Opinion article argues that to achieve a more sustainable agrifood production that relies on genetic engineering, governance systems related to new agrifood biotechnologies should incorporate a broader array of environmental, health, ethical, and societal factors to ensure their sustainability in the long-term. To facilitate this process, we propose a set of parameters to help evaluate the sustainability of agrifoods that rely on genetic engineering. We then discuss major challenges and opportunities for formalizing sustainability parameters in US governance policy and decision-making systems. Overall, this work contributes to further developing a more comprehensive assessment framework that aims to minimize potential risks and maximize potential benefits of agrifood biotechnology while also fostering sustainability.This Opinion article argues that to achieve a more sustainable agrifood production that relies on genetic engineering, governance systems related to new agrifood biotechnologies should incorporate a broader array of environmental, health, ethical, and societal factors to ensure their sustainability in the long-term. To facilitate this process, we propose a set of parameters to help evaluate the sustainability of agrifoods that rely on genetic engineering. We then discuss major challenges and opportunities for formalizing sustainability parameters in US governance policy and decision-making systems. Overall, this work contributes to further developing a more comprehensive assessment framework that aims to minimize potential risks and maximize potential benefits of agrifood biotechnology while also fostering sustainability.Agriculture, Benefits, Genetic engineering, Risks, Sustainability10.1002/ppp3.10411https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ppp3.1041110.1002/ppp3.10411Plants, People, Planet
Ethridge, S., Grieger, K., Locke, A., Everman, W., Jordan, D., & Leon, R. (2023). Views of RNAi approaches for weed management in turfgrass systems. Weed Science, 1-33. doi: 10.1017/wsc.2023.37Views of RNAi approaches for weed management in turfgrass systemsSandy Ethridge, Khara Grieger, Ramon Leon20237/10/2023Public concern regarding the use of herbicides in urban areas (e.g., golf courses, parks, lawns) is increasing. Thus, there is a need for alternative methods for weed control that are safe for the public, effective against weeds, and yet selective to turfgrass and other desirable species. New molecular tools such as RNAi have a potential to meet all those requirements, but before these technologies can be implemented, it is critical to understand the perceptions of key stakeholders to facilitate adoption as well as regulatory processes. With this in mind, turfgrass system managers, such as golf course superintendents and lawn care providers, were surveyed to gain insight to the perception and potential adoption of RNAi technology for weed management. Based on survey results, turfgrass managers believe that cost of weed management and time spent managing weeds are the main challenges faced in their fields. When considering new weed management tools, survey respondents were most concerned about cost, efficacy, and efficiency of a new product. Survey respondents were also optimistic toward RNAi for weed management and would either use this technology in their own fields or be willing to conduct research to develop RNAi herbicides. Although respondents believed that the general public would have some concerns about this technology, they did not believe this to be the most important factor for them when choosing new weed management tools. The need for new herbicides to balance weed control challenges and public demands is a central factor for turfgrass managers’ willingness to use RNAi-based weed control in turfgrass systems. They believe their clientele will be accepting of RNAi tools, although further research is needed to investigate how a wider range of stakeholders perceive RNAi tools for turfgrass management more broadly.The need for new herbicides to balance weed control challenges and public demands is a central factor for turfgrass managers’ willingness to use RNAi-based weed control in turfgrass systems. They believe their clientele will be accepting of RNAi tools, although further research is needed to investigate how a wider range of stakeholders perceive RNAi tools for turfgrass management more broadly.Biotechnology, Perceptions, Acceptance, Turfgrass10.1017/wsc.2023.37https://doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2023.37https://research.ncsu.edu/ges/files/2023/07/Ethridge-et-al.-RNAi-turfgrass-2023.pdf10.1017/wsc.2023.37Weed Science
Grieger, K., Merck, A., Deviney, A. et al. What are stakeholder views and needs for achieving phosphorus sustainability?. Environ Syst Decis (2023). DOI: 10.1007/s10669-023-09917-y. PDFWhat are Stakeholder Views and Needs for Achieving Phosphorus Sustainability?Khara Grieger, Ashton Merck20235/23/2023Our society depends on the effective management of phosphorus (P). Phosphorus is a key component of agricultural fertilizers to improve crop yields, and also plays a critical role in many industrial processes and consumer products. In the past decade, there have been numerous calls for innovative approaches to manage P more sustainably, as it is a nonrenewable resource that can adversely impact aquatic ecosystems from runoff and inefficiencies in P use. To develop more sustainable solutions that will ultimately be adopted, diverse stakeholder perspectives must be recognized, including those in industry, government, academia, non-governmental organizations, and other civil groups. This study responds to this need by identifying stakeholder views, needs, concerns, and challenges regarding P sustainability. An online survey was developed and deployed to individuals identified as P sustainability experts and professionals in the U.S. and abroad. Based on responses from 96 stakeholder participants from a range of sectors, areas of expertise, and geographies, we found that the vast majority of stakeholders considered current P use to be unsustainable and were very concerned about the ability to manage P sustainably. Stakeholder participants did not distinguish between urgent and long-term challenges, and perceived financial and regulatory issues to be of greatest importance. Stakeholder participants expressed a range of needs to improve P management systems, including improved management practices, new technologies, enhanced regulations, and better approaches for engagement. Outcomes from this work can help inform future research, engagement, and policy priorities to ensure sustainable P management solutions based on stakeholder-identified perspectives and needs.Overall, results from this study may help inform future research, engagement, and policy priorities to ensure sustainable P management solutions based on stakeholder-identified perspectives and needs.Sustainability, Stakeholders, Phosphorus10.1007/s10669-023-09917-yhttps://rdcu.be/ddlwg10.1007/s10669-023-09917-yEnviron Syst Decis
He, Q.,... Grieger, K. et al. (2023). Phytoextraction of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) by Weeds: Effect of Pfas Physicochemical Properties and Plant Physiological Traits. Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 454, 28 Apr. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131492. PDFPhytoextraction of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) by weeds: Effect of PFAS physicochemical properties and plant physiological traits.Khara Grieger20234/28/2023Phytoextraction is a promising technology that uses plants to remediate contaminated soil. However, its feasibility for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and the impact of PFAS properties and plant traits on phytoextraction efficacy remains unknown. In this study, we conducted greenhouse experiment and evaluated the potential of weeds for phytoextraction of PFAS from soil and assessed the effects of PFAS properties and plant traits on PFAS uptake via systematic correlation analyses and electron probe microanalyzer with energy dispersive spectroscopy (FE-EPMA-EDS) imaging. The results showed that 1) phytoextraction can remove 0.04%− 41.4%wt of PFAS from soil, with extracted PFAS primarily stored in plant shoots; 2) Weeds preferentially extracted short-chain PFAS over long-chain homologues from soil. 3) PFAS molecular size and hydrophilicity determined plant uptake behavior, while plant morphological traits, particularly root protein and lipid content, influenced PFAS accumulation and translocation. Although plants with thin roots and small leaf areas exhibited greater PFAS uptake and storage ability, the impact of PFAS physicochemical properties was more significant. 4) Finally, short-chain PFAS were transported quickly upwards in the plant, while uptake of long-chain PFOS was restricted.Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) is an emerging issue of concern. PFAS are a large group of chemicals that have been manufactured by people for several decades, and are now considered among the most important contaminants to address in our society. This study investigates the role of plants, specifically weeds, to uptake PFAS as a way to remove PFAS in contaminated soils. Our study explored the rates of PFAS uptake by weeds and also investigated the rate of uptake based on different types of PFAS. It sheds light on the use of phytoremediation to remove PFAS in contaminated soils.PFAS, Phytoextraction, Environmental Remediation, Emerging Contaminants10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131492https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.13149210.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131492Journal of Hazardous Materials

Assessing the Impacts of Urbanization on Stream Ecosystem Functioning: Litter Decomposition and Nutrient Uptake in Forest and Hyper-Eutrophic Stream

Gao, J., …, Grieger, K. 2022. Assessing the Impacts of Urbanization on Stream Ecosystem Functioning: Litter Decomposition and Nutrient Uptake in Forest and Hyper-Eutrophic Stream. Ecological Indicators, 138: 108859. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.108859. PDF		Assessing the Impacts of Urbanization on Stream Ecosystem Functioning: Litter Decomposition and Nutrient Uptake in Forest and Hyper-Eutrophic StreamKhara Grieger20234/12/2023Rapid urbanization significantly affects freshwater systems by interfering with important ecological functions. The responses of different ecosystem functions in urban streams and their potential ecological effects remain largely unknown, impeding their management and restoration in many cases. In this study, we simultaneously assessed two important ecosystem functions, litter decomposition and nutrient uptake, and investigated the associated microbial and benthic macroinvertebrate communities in two subtropical streams (i.e., a forest headwater stream as a reference and an urban stream that was hyper-eutrophic). Litter decomposition was estimated using litter bags with two mesh sizes (i.e., 50 μm and 2 mm) and two leaf species with different qualities (i.e., Alangium chinense and Machilus leptophylla), with a total of 96 litter bags. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) uptake rates were measured in situ based on the spiraling model. We found that the decomposition rate of A.chinense was approximately seven times that of M. leptophylla in both streams. Moreover, in the urban stream, the litter decomposition rate (0.004 day−1) was one-third that of the forest stream (0.013 day−1), regardless of the litter species. Macroinvertebrates strongly contributed to litter decomposition in the forest stream, where decomposition rates were 1.8-fold higher in the coarse mesh compared to the fine mesh bags, while they had a negligible role in the urban stream (no significant difference between the two mesh bags). P uptake was higher (85-fold) and N uptake was lower (0.13-fold) in the urban compared to forest stream. Litter decomposition and nutrient uptake exhibit decoupled response. These findings show that litter decomposition by kcoarse/kfine metrics and the uptake of N and P are complementary and should be considered in the management and restoration of urban stream ecosystems.This study examines the effects of urbanization on the functioning of stream ecosystems, specifically focusing on litter decomposition and nutrient uptake. The researchers find that urbanization significantly reduces litter decomposition rates, macroinvertebrate diversity, and nitrogen uptake, while increasing phosphorus uptake in streams. These findings provide valuable insights for the management and restoration of urban streams, highlighting the need to consider both litter decomposition and nutrient uptake in these efforts.Urbanization, Ecosystem function, Litter decomposition, Nutrient uptake, Macroinvertebrates, Microbes10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.108859https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X22003302?via%3Dihub10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.108859Ecological Indicators
Deviney A., Grieger K., Merck A., Classen J., Marshall A.M. (2023), Phosphorus sustainability through coordinated stakeholder engagement: a perspective. Environment Systems and Decisions. doi: 10.1007/s10669-023-09896-0. PDFPhosphorus sustainability through coordinated stakeholder engagement: a perspectiveKhara Grieger, Ashton Merck, John Classen20232/13/2023In this Perspective we take an in-depth look at what coordinated stakeholder engagement could entail for phosphorus sustainability. The element phosphorus is critical to life on Earth and to the continued functioning of society as we know it. Yet, how society uses phosphorus is currently unsustainable, both as a resource in support of global food production where inequitable distribution creates food security challenges, but also from an environmental aspect, where mismanagement has led to negative impacts on the quality of agricultural soils, human health, and freshwater and marine ecosystems. A number of initiatives and cross-sector consortia have come together to address sustainable phosphorus management at either global or regional scales. However, these efforts could benefit from a more coordinated approach to stakeholder engagement to identify the diversity of needs and perspectives involved in this complex challenge. Herein we examine some examples of different approaches to developing such coordinated stakeholder engagement in other areas of environmental sustainability. We consider how to apply the lessons learned from those efforts toward stakeholder coordination in the realm of phosphorus sustainability. Particularly, we discuss the value of a coordinating body to manage the communications and knowledge sharing necessary to develop trust and cooperation among diverse stakeholder groups and to transition society to more sustainable phosphorus use.Stakeholder, Phosphorus, Sustainability10.1007/s10669-023-09896-0https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10669-023-09896-010.1007/s10669-023-09896-0Environment Systems and Decisions
Ahmad J, Baltzegar J, Brown ZS, Delborne JA, Dhole S, Elsensohn J, Gould F, Grieger K, Hardwick A, Kuzma J, Lorenzen M, Loschin N, Medina R, Mostert B, Mulligan P, Pepin K, Spangle D, Stauffer S, Stokes R, Wei W, and Barnhill SK. (2022) Gene Drives in Agriculture: Risk Assessment and Research Prioritization. Genetic Engineering and Society Center, NC State University Online at: go.ncsu.edu/ges-gene-drive-workshop-white-paperGene Drives in Agriculture: Risk Assessment and Research PrioritizationJabeen Ahmad, Jennifer Baltzegar, Zack Brown, Jason Delborne, Sumit Dhole, Fred Gould, Khara Grieger, Andrew Hardwick, Jennifer Kuzma, Marce Lorenzen, Nick Loschin, Bethany Mosert, Patti Mulligan, Sharon Stauffer, Dylan Spangle, Willy Wei, Katie Barnhill202212/16/2022The Genetic Engineering and Society (GES) Center at North Carolina State University (NC State) hosted an online workshop entitled “Gene Drives in Agriculture: Workshop on Risk Assessment and Research Prioritization” on June 2, 3, and 17, 2022. The workshop was funded by the USDA-NIFA Biotechnology Risk Assessment Grant program (grant number 2020-33522-32269; PI = Barnhill), with additional support from and partnership with the NC State Center for Excellence in Regulatory Science for Agriculture (CERSA). The workshop included an interdisciplinary lineup of speakers brought together in an effort to review and develop risk assessment methodology associated with gene drives for agriculture pest control. This report was generated to inform and summarize foreseen risks associated with gene drive technology for agriculture pest control to identify data needs for gene drive technology. The workshop featured panelist experts in multiple disciplines specializing in gene drives, risk assessment, policy, and agricultural pests. By use of presentations and breakout sessions, many ideas were presented regarding the risk assessment and risk governance of gene drives in agriculture. This workshop report does not represent the opinion of all the participants in the workshop but serves as a bridge to cover multiple perspectives from interdisciplinary efforts.A comprehensive examination of the application, risks, and regulatory aspects of gene drives for agricultural pest control. Written by attendees of our June 2022 workshop, it underscores the potential of gene drives while acknowledging significant gaps in governance systems and risk assessment data. Key concerns include effectiveness, ecological impacts, and human health effects, and calls for ongoing stakeholder dialogues and integration of social science data into gene drive models.Gene Drive, Agricultural Biotechnology, Risk Assessment, USDA, NIFA, Workshop Reporthttps://research.ncsu.edu/ges/files/2022/11/Gene-Drives-in-Agriculture-Workshop-on-Risk-Assessment-and-Research-Prioritization-2022.pdf0Genetic Engineering and Society Center, NC State University
Horgan, M.D., Hsain, H.A., Jones, J.L. Grieger, K.D. (2023) Development and application of screening-level risk analysis for emerging materials, Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 35. Graphical abstract (Figure 4)Development and application of screening-level risk analysis for emerging materialsKhara Grieger202211/25/2022Analysis of a material's impact on society is increasingly recognized as a necessary step in materials development, especially in the area of lead-free piezoelectrics. Evaluations of the environmental, health, and societal impacts that occur throughout the material's life cycle are critical for determining the viability of lead-free alternatives. Risk screening approaches, such as the screening-level Emerging Materials Risk Analysis (EMRA) proposed in this work, may help researchers compare materials or material production routes to determine more sustainable solutions. As a first demonstration of its utility in the development of lead-free piezoelectrics, the approach introduced in this paper is applied to piezoelectric HfO2 (hafnia) to compare mining and processing routes and to elucidate the more sustainable route for HfO2 production. This paper aims to exemplify how the EMRA risk screening approach incorporates perspectives on environmental, health, and societal impacts into the materials research process by providing a relative risk screening evaluation of different material processing routes and/or different materials. Results from applying EMRA to hafnia show that the major known environmental impacts of hafnia mining and processing involve ecosystem destruction and heavy use of fossil fuels and electricity; health impacts related to potentially unsafe working conditions and potential exposure to radioactive elements; and societal impacts including land disputes and supply concerns. Results also demonstrate that the more sustainable production route currently available includes commercial wet mining with land rehabilitation followed by beneficiation via wet processes with consistent personal protective equipment use and water recycling. Almost all of the previously-mentioned impacts are avoided in this life cycle route. Outcomes from this analysis identify hafnia as a potentially sustainable replacement for certain applications of PZT and therefore encourage continued development of the material. Future efforts will test EMRA on a wide variety of other materials and revise the approach accordingly.Risk Screening, Life Cycle, Material Development, Hafnia, Piezoelectrics10.1016/j.susmat.2022.e00524https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S221499372200138510.1016/j.susmat.2022.e00524Sustainable Materials and Technologies
Merck, A. W., Grieger, K. D., and Kuzma, J.. How can we promote the responsible innovation of nano-agrifood research? Environmental Science & Policy 137, 2022. 10.1016/j.envsci.2022.08.027 PDF. Graphical AbstractHow can we promote the responsible innovation of nano-agrifood research?Ashton Merck, Khara Grieger, Jennifer Kuzma20229/12/2022The use of nanotechnology and engineered nanomaterials in food and agriculture (nano-agrifoods) may provide numerous benefits to society. At the same time, there is also a chance that nano-agrifood innovations may pose new or unknown risks to human or environmental health and safety. To understand these issues and be more responsive to public concerns, researchers are beginning to discuss and adopt an emerging best practice in science and technology communities known as “responsible innovation� (RI). Originally developed by researchers over ten years ago, RI is now a well-established framework that is already a part of science policymaking in the European Union (as “responsible research and innovation�). In the United States, however, there are numerous structural and institutional barriers for scientists to align their research with RI principles and goals. This perspective briefly reviews RI, why it is needed for nano-agrifoods, and how it could be institutionalized more effectively in the U.S. to ensure that future nano-agrifood research is better aligned with societal needs, expectations, and concerns. This work also identifies several pathways to institutionalize RI in nano-agrifoods, ranging from a public legal mandate to privately enforced organizational norms. Further, a set of strategies and/or best practices for implementing RI in the U.S. context is presented that are applicable to both public and private organizations. While key findings from this work are focused on the need for RI of nano-agrifoods in the U.S., implementation of these best practices could have positive benefits for other emerging technologies and in other national contexts as well.Nanotechnology, Nano-Agrifoods, Responsible Innovation, Policy10.1016/j.envsci.2022.08.027https://authors.elsevier.com/a/1fknS5Ce0rj~zN10.1016/j.envsci.2022.08.027Environmental Science & Policy
Grieger, K. (2022). STEPS to Tackle Our Phosphorus Paradox. Wicked Problems, Wolfpack Solutions. DOI: 10.52750/331886STEPS to Tackle Our Phosphorus ParadoxKhara Grieger20228/22/2022Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for animals, plants and microbes. The current system to manage phosphorus is extremely inefficient. One major reason relates to the loss of phosphorus from the food chain, where it can bind to soils and transfer to animal wastes and run-off, which can lead to water pollution, algal blooms, eutrophication and even fish kills. Khara Grieger, Ph.D., argues that overall, our society needs more sustainable solutions to solve our global phosphorus paradox. The Science and Technologies for Phosphorus Sustainability (STEPS) Center, led by researchers at NC State and in partnership with several other institutions, aims to facilitate these solutions through combining science, technology and innovation together with social sciences, communication and stakeholder engagement.The current system to manage phosphorus is extremely inefficient. One major reason relates to the loss of phosphorus from the food chain, where it can transfer to animal wastes and run-off, which can lead to water pollution, algal blooms, eutrophication and fish kills.STEPS, Phosphorus, Food Supply, Agriculture, Wolpack Solutions10.52750/331886https://doi.org/10.52750/33188610.52750/331886Wicked Problems, Wolfpack Solutions
Grieger, K., Cummings, C.L. 2022. Informing Environmental Health and Risk Priorities through Local Outreach and Extension. Environment Systems and Decisions doi: 10.1007/s10669-022-09864-0 PDFInforming Environmental Health and Risk Priorities through Local Outreach and ExtensionKhara Grieger, Christopher L. Cummings20226/2/2022Our society is currently facing an unprecedented number of environmental and societal challenges. Stakeholder and community engagement can help identify priority issues and needs at local levels. One approach to engage stakeholders and communities in the contexts of environmental, health, and societal challenges is to leverage outreach and extension programs. Within this context, and to help identify priority issues to focus subsequent research and extension programs in North Carolina (NC), a survey was conducted with extension agents to identify priority issues as they relate to environmental health and risks and related needs. Based on responses from 66 study participants that represented half of the 100 NC counties, we found that Water pollution, Flooding, Natural resources management, and Engaging stakeholders were top priority issues across all environmental health and risk topics. Participants also identified that practices of Engaging stakeholders as well as Assessing, Managing, and Communicating risks were increasingly important. Participants indicated they needed a moderate-to-significant amount of guidance across a range of areas related to assessing, managing, communicating, andmaking decisions regarding environmental health and risk topics, as well as engaging with local communities. Outcomes from this work can not only help inform subsequent research and outreach efforts at local scales, but this work demonstrates a simple, low-cost approach to elicit perspectives and priorities can be leveraged in other states and regions with established stakeholder and community outreach programs more broadlyEnvironmental Health, Risks, Priorities, North Carolina, Extension10.1007/s10669-022-09864-0https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-022-09864-010.1007/s10669-022-09864-0Environment Systems and Decisions
Merck, A. W., Grieger, K. D., Cuchiara, M., & Kuzma, J. (2022). What Role Does Regulation Play in Responsible Innovation of Nanotechnology in Food and Agriculture? Insights and Framings from U.S. Stakeholders. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society. doi: 10.1177/02704676221102066. PDFWhat Role Does Regulation Play in Responsible Innovation of Nanotechnology in Food and Agriculture? Insights and Framings from U.S. StakeholdersAshton Merck, Khara Grieger, Jennifer Kuzma20226/2/2022Historically, market regulation has played an important role in shaping the trajectory of scientific and technological innovation in food and agriculture. However, regulators’ traditional focus on safety and efficacy may be insufficient to address more complex ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI) of novel products, such as the use of nanotechnology and nanomaterials in food and agriculture (nano-agrifoods). One solution might be to implement the principles of responsible innovation (RI) to challenge innovators and policymakers to better anticipate risks further upstream and be responsive to societal desires and concerns, although substantial barriers to implementation persist. This paper presents stakeholder views on the relationship between regulation and RI in nano-agrifoods based on a broader U.S. stakeholder engagement study conducted in the fall of 2020. We found that participants raised key issues that incorporated all 4 pillars of RI (anticipation, inclusion, reflexivity, responsiveness). We also found that participants’ attitudes about the relationship between regulation and innovation informed their recommendations about the relationship between regulation and RI. These attitudes are represented in a spectrum of views, ranging from “regulation as barrier� to “regulation as driver� of innovation. We further identified implications for how each attitude might be used to operationalize RI in regulatory systems. Overall, these results suggest that just as regulation drove key innovations in the twentieth century, regulation may still have a role to play in helping to promote RI of nano-agrifoods in the twenty-first.Responsible Innovation, Stakeholder Engagement, Nanotechnology, Food & Agriculture, Regulation10.1177/02704676221102066https://doi.org/10.1177/0270467622110206610.1177/02704676221102066Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society
Zhi Y., Lu H., Grieger K.D., et al. Bioaccumulation and Translocation of 6:2 Fluorotelomer Sulfonate, GenX, and Perfluoroalkyl Acids by Urban Spontaneous Plants. ACS ES&T Engineering Article. April 18, 2022. DOI: 10.1021/acsestengg.1c00423. PDFBioaccumulation and Translocation of 6:2 Fluorotelomer Sulfonate, GenX, and Perfluoroalkyl Acids by Urban Spontaneous PlantsKhara Grieger20224/18/2022There is limited information available regarding the bioaccumulation potential of polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in urban vegetation. Using a controlled greenhouse exposure setting, we investigated the bioaccumulation and translocation of select PFAS in four common urban spontaneous plants. Target compounds included legacy PFAS (perfluoroalkyl carboxylic and sulfonic acids, PFCA/PFSA), a fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS), and an emerging fluorinated ether (i.e., hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA), or GenX). Results from this study showed that bioaccumulation factors in root and shoot (BCFroot and BCFshoot) ranged from 0.7 to 83.6 and 0.95 to 26.9, respectively. Phyllanthus urinaria harbored the highest PFAS bioaccumulation capacity among the four urban weed species. The log BCFroot of PFCA homologues showed a concave shape as a function of chain length, while log BCFroot of PFSA increased with chain length. The BCFroot of GenX was lower than that of PFOA; likewise, 6:2 FTS bioaccumulated to a less extent than PFOS. Root uptake seemed to be the dominant accumulation mechanism for the shorter-chain compounds, whereas adsorption was the dominant mechanism for longer-chain compounds such as PFOA. BCFroot and BCFshoot showed consistent trends in response to foliar and root characteristics. Leaf area and average root diameter were the most correlated traits with PFAS bioaccumulation factors, with higher BCF values for plants with smaller leaves and finer roots. This study also provides an important basis for the role and selection of urban weeds in future PFAS bioaccumulation and translocation studies within urban settings.GenX (HFPO-DA), 6:2 FTS, Urban Spontaneous Plants, Bioaccumulation, Phytoremediation10.1021/acsestengg.1c00423https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acsestengg.1c0042310.1021/acsestengg.1c00423ACS ES&T Engineering Article
Grieger K., Merck A., Kuzma K. (2022) Formulating best practices for responsible innovation of nano-agrifoods through stakeholder insights and reflection. Journal of Responsible Technology 10. doi: 10.1016/j.jrt.2022.100030. PDF Graphical abstractFormulating best practices for responsible innovation of nano-agrifoods through stakeholder insights and reflectionKhara Grieger, Ashton Merck, Jennifer Kuzma20224/5/2022Nanotechnology in food and agriculture (nano-agrifoods) may provide numerous benefits to society. At the same time, previous experiences have demonstrated the importance of innovating responsibly. This study reports on stakeholder-identified actions to address concerns about nano-agrifoods and actions to ensure their responsible innovation (RI). We find stakeholders largely supported actions to address risk and safety, followed by governance actions, the examination of ‘need,’ and identification of clear benefits. Participants also indicated no actions would address their concerns in several cases, largely for nano-in food products without a clear ‘need’ and risk/benefit comparisons. We conclude by highlighting four best practices to foster RI of nano-agrifoods, with relevancy for other novel agrifood technologies, including the institutionalization of RI, education and training next generation of researchers and innovators, use of tiered approaches to implement RI principles at different levels and degrees, and incorporation of monitoring and learning systems to improve RI practicesDiscusses stakeholder-identified actions for responsible innovation (RI) in nano-agrifoods, a field with potential benefits and risks. The research highlights four best practices: institutionalizing RI, training future researchers and innovators, implementing RI principles at different levels using a tiered approach, and introducing monitoring and learning systems to improve RI practices. These insights are relevant not just for nano-agrifoods, but for other novel agrifood technologies as well.Nanotechnology, Food, Agriculture, Stakeholders, Responsible Innovation10.1016/j.jrt.2022.100030https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S266665962200007510.1016/j.jrt.2022.100030Journal of Responsible Technology
Baun A., Grieger K. (2022) Environmental Risk Assessment of Emerging Contaminants—The Case of Nanomaterials. In: Guo LH., Mortimer M. (eds) Advances in Toxicology and Risk Assessment of Nanomaterials and Emerging Contaminants. Springer, Singapore. doi: 10.1007/978-981-16-9116-4_15. PDFEnvironmental Risk Assessment of Emerging Contaminants—The Case of NanomaterialsKhara Grieger20223/12/2022Risk assessment is a powerful tool to help evaluate potential environmental and health risks of novel materials. However, traditional risk assessment frameworks and methods often face significant challenges when evaluating novel materials due to uncertainties and data gaps. Engineered nanomaterials is one prominent example of new, advanced materials whereby scientists, researchers and decision-makers are still discussing best practices to modify and update risk assessment frameworks after nearly two decades of research. This chapter focuses on how early warning signs within the environmental risk assessment development process for nanomaterials were addressed with a focus on characterizing uncertainty. We shed light on how environmental risk assessment of nanomaterials transitioned from a state of “known unknowns� to data-driven inputs to conducting risk assessments. We also discuss ecotoxicological testing considerations, and in particular how methodological and technical challenges were addressed. Finally, we provide recommendations on how best to transfer identified best practices and knowledge to other emerging technologies and advanced materials.Risk Assessment, Nanomaterials, Uncertainty, Hazard, Exposure10.1007/978-981-16-9116-4_15https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-16-9116-4_15 "_blank">Environmental Risk Assessment of Emerging Contaminants—The Case of Nanomaterials10.1007/978-981-16-9116-4_15Advances in Toxicology and Risk Assessment of Nanomaterials and Emerging Contaminants
Grieger, K., Zarate, S., Barnhill, S.K., Hunt, S., Jones, D., Kuzma, J. 2022. Fostering Responsible Innovation through Stakeholder Engagement: Case Study of North Carolina Sweetpotato Stakeholders. Sustainability, 14, 2274. doi: 10.3390/su14042274 PDFFostering Responsible Innovation through Stakeholder Engagement: Case Study of North Carolina Sweetpotato StakeholdersKhara Grieger, Sebastian Zarate, Katie Barnhill, Daniela Jones, Jennifer Kuzma20222/17/2022Stakeholder and community engagement are critical for the successful development of new technologies that aim to be integrated into sustainable agriculture systems. This study reports on an approach used to engage stakeholders within the sweetpotato community in North Carolina to understand their preferences, needs, and concerns as they relate to a new sensing and diagnostic platform. This work also demonstrates an example of real-time technology assessment that also fosters responsible innovation through inclusivity and responsiveness. Through the conduction of 29 interviews with sweetpotato stakeholders in North Carolina, we found that participants found the most value in detecting external sweetpotato characteristics, as well as the ability to use or connect to a smartphone that can be used in field. They also found value in including environmental parameters and having a Spanish language module. Most participants indicated that they were comfortable with sharing data as long as it benefited the greater North Carolina sweetpotato industry, and were concerned with sharing these data with “outside� competitors. We also observed differences and variations between stakeholder groups. Overall, this work demonstrates a relatively simple, low-cost approach to eliciting stakeholder needs within a local agricultural context to improve sustainability, an approach that could be leveraged and transferred to other local agrifood systems.Responsible Innovation, Stakeholder Engagement, Sustainability, Sweetpotatoes10.3390/su14042274https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/4/227410.3390/su14042274Sustainability
Ruzante, J. M., Shumaker, E. T., Holt, S., Mayer, S., Kokotovich, A., Cuchiara, M., Binder, A. R., Kuzma, J., & Grieger, K. (2022). Eliciting stakeholder perceptions using a novel online engagement platform: A case study on nano-agrifoods. RTI Press. RTI Press Occasional Paper No. OP-0071-2201. doi: 10.3768/rtipress.2022.op.0071.2201 PDFEliciting stakeholder perceptions using a novel online engagement platform: A case study on nano-agrifoodsAdam Kokotovich, Andrew Binder, Jennifer Kuzma, Khara Grieger20221/31/2022Stakeholder engagement is an important component in developing policies on critical issues such as the use and development of novel methods and technologies, including biotechnologies and nanotechnologies. Understanding the perspectives, needs, and concerns of stakeholder groups can facilitate the development of transparent and trusted policy recommendations. Innovative online research platforms have been developed as alternatives to typical stakeholder engagement methods such as in-person focus groups, interviews, and online and paper surveys. These platforms facilitate the engagement of geographically and linguistically (i.e., individuals who speak different languages) diverse stakeholders using a wide range of methods, from virtual focus groups to surveys. Stakeholders can participate at their own leisure and anonymously, which can facilitate more open interactions on issues where viewpoints may differ. In this work, we used an online stakeholder engagement platform (OSEP) to engage stakeholders and capture their perceptions and views about the application of nanotechnology in food and agriculture (nano-agrifood) and the role of responsible innovation in the development of nano-agrifood products. The OSEP provided a reliable and interactive environment for stakeholders to share their views and exchange ideas. Such OSEPs should be further explored as novel tools for engaging stakeholders on a range of issues from emerging technologies to public health.Stakeholder Engagement, Nanotechnology, Governance, Responsible Innovation, Food, Agriculture10.3768/rtipress.2022.op.0071.2201https://www.rti.org/rti-press-publication/nanotechnology-in-food10.3768/rtipress.2022.op.0071.2201RTI Press
Kokotovich, A.E., Kuzma, J., Cummings, C.L., Grieger, K.. Responsible Innovation Definitions, Practices, and Motivations from Nanotechnology Researchers in Food and Agriculture. Nanoethics (2021). doi: 10.1007/s11569-021-00404-9 PDFResponsible Innovation Definitions, Practices, and Motivations from Nanotechnology Researchers in Food and AgricultureAdam Kokotovich, Jennifer Kuzma, Christopher L. Cummings, Khara Grieger202112/18/2021The growth of responsible innovation (RI) scholarship has been mirrored by a proliferation of RI definitions and practices, as well as a recognition of the importance of context for RI. This study investigates how researchers in the field of nanotechnology for food and agriculture (nano-agrifoods) define and practice RI, as well as what motivations they see for pursuing RI. We conducted 20 semi-structured interviews with nano-agrifood researchers from industry and academia in the USA, where we asked them to describe their RI definitions, practices, and motivations. We analyzed the emergent themes from these interviews, including how the themes aligned with four prominent RI principles (anticipation, inclusion, reflexivity, responsiveness). We found that nano-agrifood researchers largely focused their descriptions of RI definitions, practices, and motivations around a narrow envisioning of the RI principle of anticipation — emphasizing product safety, efficacy, and efficiency. We also found noteworthy tensions surrounding the less frequently mentioned RI principles. For example, some researchers envisioned inclusion as a way to align products with industry interests while others saw it as a way to align products with the public good. Concerning motivations for RI, some researchers viewed RI as a way to protect one’s reputation and avoid lawsuits while others viewed it as a way to improve human well-being and solve societal problems. Given these findings, future efforts to foster RI within nano-agrifoods should promote discussions among researchers concerning what it means to responsibly innovate and what practices this could entail, particularly beyond ensuring product safety, efficacy, and efficiency.Responsible Innovation, Nanotechnology, Food, Agriculture, Governance, Qualitative Research10.1007/s11569-021-00404-9https://rdcu.be/cEHOW10.1007/s11569-021-00404-9Nanoethics
Grieger, K.D, Merck, A.W., Cuchiara, M., Binder, A.R., Kokotovich, A., Cummings, C.L., Kuzma, J. Responsible innovation of nano-agrifoods: Insights and views from U.S. stakeholders. NanoImpact, Volume 24, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.impact.2021.100365. PDFResponsible innovation of nano-agrifoods: Insights and views from U.S. stakeholdersKhara Grieger, Ashton Merck, Andrew Binder, Adam Kokotovich, Christopher L. Cummings, Jennifer Kuzma202111/17/2021To date, there has been little published work that has elicited diverse stakeholder views of nano-agrifoods and of how nano-agrifoods align with the goals of responsible innovation. This paper aims to fill this research gap by investigating views of nano-agrifoods, how well their development adheres to principles of responsible innovation, and potential challenges for achieving responsible nano-agrifood innovation. Using an online engagement platform, we find that U.S. stakeholder views of responsible innovation were dominated by environmental, health, and safety (EHS) contexts, considerations of societal impacts, opportunities for stakeholder engagement, and responding to societal needs. These views overlap with scholarly definitions of responsible innovation, albeit stakeholders were more focused on impacts of products, while the field of responsible innovation strives for more “upstream� considerations of the process of innovation. We also find that views of nano-agrifoods differed across applications with dietary supplements and improved whitening of infant formula viewed least favorably, and environmental health or food safety applications viewed most favorably. These findings align with the larger body of literature, whereby stakeholders are expected to be more supportive of nanotechnology used in agricultural applications compared to directly within food and food supplements. Overall, participants indicated they held relatively neutral views on research and innovation for nano-agrifoods being conducted responsibly, and they identified key challenges to ensuring their responsible innovation that were related to uncertainties in EHS studies, the need for public understanding and acceptance, and adequate regulation. In light of these results, we recommend future research efforts on EHS impacts and risk-benefit frameworks for nano-agrifoods, better understanding stakeholder views on what constitutes effective regulation, and addressing challenges with effective regulation and responsible innovation practices. Graphical abstractFood And Agriculture, Nanotechnology, Responsible Innovation, Stakeholder Engagement10.1016/j.impact.2021.100365https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2452074821000744?via=ihub10.1016/j.impact.2021.100365
Grieger, K., Isigonis, P., Franken, R., Wigger, H., Bossa, N., Janer, G., Rycroft, T., Kennedy, A., Hansen, S.F. 2021. Chapter 5: Risk Screening Tools for Engineering Nanomaterials. IN: Ethics in Nanotechnology: Social Sciences and Philosophical Aspects, edited by Marcel Van de Voorde and Gunjan Jeswani, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2021, pp. 89-108. doi: 10.1515/9783110719932-005Risk Screening Tools for Engineering NanomaterialsKhara Grieger20218/27/2021It has now been more than 15 years since scientists, researchers, risk analyzers, policymakers, and other decision-makers initiated comprehensive investigations into the potential environmental, health, and safety risks of engineered nanomaterials. During this time, various tools have been proposed and/or developed to screen potential environmental, health, and safety risks of engineered nanomaterials. Risk screening tools provide a first-tiered, screening-level evaluation to better understand risks without significant time and resource investments. Stakeholders interested in obtaining an initial screen of potential environmental, health, and safety risks of a nanomaterial or product may find risk screening tools particularly useful to formulate decisions, and/or communicate potential risks to stakeholders. This chapter overviews five leading risk screening tools developed specifically for nanomaterials: NanoRiskCat, Swiss Precautionary Matrix, LICARA nanoSCAN, NanoGRID, and GUIDEnano. The selected tools differ in scope, aims, underlying methodologies, and generated output. These tools were selected for further exploration due to the maturity of their development, application in multiple case studies, projects, and initiatives. After highlighting the main features of each of the risk screening tools, we provide brief guidance on their use and formulate broad recommendations for the field of nanomaterial risk screening tool development.Environmental Health And Safety, Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials, Risk Screening10.1515/9783110719932-005https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110719932-005/html10.1515/9783110719932-005
Zhi, Y., Call, D., Grieger, K., Duckworth, O., Jones, J.L., Knappe, D. 2021. Influence of Natural Organic Matter and pH on Phosphate Removal by and Lanthanum Release from Lanthanum-Modified Bentonite. Water Research; doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117399. PDFInfluence of Natural Organic Matter and pH on Phosphate Removal by and Lanthanum Release from Lanthanum-Modified BentoniteKhara Grieger20216/28/2021Lanthanum modified bentonite (LMB) has been applied to eutrophic lakes to reduce phosphorus (P) concentrations in the water column and mitigate P release from sediments. Previous experiments suggest that natural organic matter (NOM) can interfere with phosphate (PO4)-binding to LMB and exacerbate lanthanum (La)-release from bentonite. This evidence served as motivation for this study to systematically determine the effects of NOM, solution pH, and bentonite as a La carrier on P removal. We conducted both geochemical modeling and controlled-laboratory batch kinetic experiments to understand the pH-dependent impacts of humic and fulvic acids on PO4-binding to LMB and La release from LMB. The role of bentonite was studied by comparing PO4 removal obtained by LMB and La3+ (added as LaCl3 salt to represent the La-containing component of LMB). Our results from both geochemical modeling and batch experiments indicate that the PO4-binding ability of LMB is decreased in the presence of NOM, and the decrease is more pronounced at pH 8.5 than at 6. At the highest evaluated NOM concentration (28 mg C L−1), PO4-removal by La3+ was substantially lower than that by LMB, implying that bentonite clay in LMB shielded La from interactions with NOM, while still allowing PO4capture by La. Finally, the presence of NOM promoted La-release from LMB, and the amount of La released depended on solution pH and both the type (i.e., fulvic/humic acid ratio) and concentration of NOM. Overall, these results provide an important basis for management of P in lakes and eutrophication control that relies on LMB applications.Eutrophication, Lake Restoration, Lanthanum Release, Humic And Fulvic Acid, Phosphate Management10.1016/j.watres.2021.117399https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.11739910.1016/j.watres.2021.117399
Cummings Christopher L., Kuzma Jennifer, Kokotovich Adam, Glas David, Grieger Khara (2021). Barriers to responsible innovation of nanotechnology applications in food and agriculture: A study of US experts and developers. NanoImpact, 100326, ISSN 2452-0748. doi:10.1016/j.impact.2021.100326. PDFBarriers to responsible innovation of nanotechnology applications in food and agriculture: A study of US experts and developersChristopher L. Cummings, Jennifer Kuzma, Adam Kokotovich, Khara Grieger20215/23/2021The use of nanotechnology and engineered nanomaterials in food and agriculture (nano-agrifood) sectors is intended to provide several potential benefits to consumers and society, such as the provision of more nutritious processed foods, edible food coatings to extend shelf lives of fresh cut produce, and more sustainable alternatives to traditional agrochemicals. The responsible innovation of nano-agrifoods may be particularly important to pursue given previous case studies involving other agrifood technologies that experienced significant public consternation. Here, we define responsible innovation following Stilgoej et al. (2013) that establishes processes to iteratively review and reflect upon one's innovation, engage stakeholders in dialogue, and to be open and transparent throughout innovation stages – processes that go beyond primary focuses of understanding environmental, health, and safety impacts of nano-enabled products and implementing safe-by-design principles. Despite calls for responsible nano-innovation across diverse sectors, it has not yet been clear what types of barriers are faced by nano-agrifood researchers and innovators in particular. This study therefore identifies and builds the first typology of barriers to responsible innovation as perceived by researchers and product developers working in nano-agrifood sectors in the United States. Our findings report 5 key barriers to responsible innovation of nano-agrifoods: Lack of Data (reported by 70% of all interview participants, and represented 34.6% of all barrier-related excerpts), Lack of Product Oversight (reported by 60% of participants, and represented 28.7% of excerpts), Need for Ensuring Marketability & Use (reported by 70% of participants, and represented 21.3% of all barrier-related excerpts), Need for Increased Collaboration (reported by 40% of participants, and represented 10.3% of excerpts), and finally Lack of Adequate Training & Workforce (reported by 30% of participants, and represented by 5.1% of excerpts). We also relate these key barriers across three main nano-innovation phases, including 1) Scientific and Technical R&D, 2) Product Oversight, and 3) Post-commercialization Marketability & Use, and discuss how these barriers may impact stakeholders as well as present opportunities to align with principles of responsible innovation. Overall, these findings may help illuminate challenges that researchers and innovators face in the pursuit of responsible innovation relevant for the field of nanotechnology with relevancy for other emerging food and agricultural technologies more broadly.Responsible Innovation, Nanotechnology, Nano-Agrifood10.1016/j.impact.2021.100326https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S245207482100035510.1016/j.impact.2021.100326
Kuiken T, Barrangou R, Grieger K. (Broken) Promises of Sustainable Food and Agriculture through New Biotechnologies: The CRISPR Case. CRISPR J. 2021 Feb 10:1-7. doi: 10.1089/crispr.2020.0098.PDF(Broken) Promises of Sustainable Food and Agriculture through New Biotechnologies: The CRISPR CaseTodd Kuiken, Rodolphe Barrangou, Khara Grieger20212/10/2021In recent years, the development of diverse CRISPR-based technologies has revolutionized genome manipulation and enabled a broad scientific community in industry, academia, and beyond to redefine research and development for biotechnology products encompassing food, agriculture, and medicine. CRISPR-based genome editing affords tremendous opportunities in agriculture for the breeding of crops and livestock across the food supply chain that could benefit larger portions of the population compared to CRISPR applications in medicine, for example by helping to feed a growing global population, reach sustainability goals, and possibly mitigate the effects of climate change. These promises come alongside concerns of risks and adverse impacts associated with CRISPR-based genome editing and concerns that governance systems that are ill equipped or not well suited to evaluate these risks. The international community will continue to gather, in multiple venues, in the coming years to discuss these concerns. At the same time, responsible research and innovation paradigms also promise to evaluate the risks and benefits better while incorporating broad stakeholder engagement across the research and development process. The CRISPR community therefore must actively engage with these international deliberations, society, and national governance systems that have promised to build better agricultural systems and provide better food products to achieve equitable outcomes while protecting the environment. Without this active engagement, the promises discussed in this paper are sure to be broken.CRISPR, Stakeholder Engagement, Responsible Research And Innovation10.1089/crispr.2020.0098https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33570455/10.1089/crispr.2020.0098
Kuzma, J. and Grieger, K. 2020. Community-led governance for gene-edited crops. Science, Vol. 370, Issue 6519. doi: 10.1126/science.abd1512Community-led governance for gene-edited cropsJennifer Kuzma, Khara Grieger202011/20/2020New government regulations for biotechnology will create gaps in oversight of gene-edited crops and the provision of information to consumers. With this lack of transparency, gene-edited crop developers may be reconstituting the same conditions that led to public rejection and mistrust of the 1st generation of GM foods. Based on our decades of experience and the literature on risk governance and GM crops, we propose a “Community-Led Responsible Governance� (CLEAR-GOV) coalition and certification process for biotech crops based on information-sharing about the host plants, traits, environment, and current and anticipated market uses of gene-edited and other GM crops. CLEAR-GOV would be led by an independent non-profit coalition, a stakeholder advisory group, and a public advisory group that is diverse in representation of viewpoints and interests. Commitment to CLEAR-GOV will enable the agricultural biotechnology community to earn greater public trust through the open, inclusive, and transparent monitoring of biotech crop use.Responsible Innovation, Biotechnology, Governance, CRISPR, Gene-Editing10.1126/science.abd1512https://science.sciencemag.org/content/370/6519/91610.1126/science.abd1512
Doydora, S., Gatiboni, L., Grieger, K., Hesterberg, D., Jones, J., McLamore, E., Peters, R., Sozzani, R., Van den Broeck, L., Duckworth O. Accessing Legacy Phosphorus in Soil. Soil Systems, 4(74): doi:10.3390/soilsystems4040074 PDFAccessing Legacy Phosphorus in SoilKhara Grieger202012/18/2020Repeated applications of phosphorus (P) fertilizers result in the buildup of P in soil (commonly known as legacy P), a large fraction of which is not immediately available for plant use. Long-term applications and accumulations of soil P is an inefficient use of dwindling P supplies and can result in nutrient runoff, often leading to eutrophication of water bodies. Although soil legacy P is problematic in some regards, it conversely may serve as a source of P for crop use and could potentially decrease dependence on external P fertilizer inputs. This paper reviews the (1) current knowledge on the occurrence and bioaccessibility of different chemical forms of P in soil, (2) legacy P transformations with mineral and organic fertilizer applications in relation to their potential bioaccessibility, and (3) approaches and associated challenges for accessing native soil P that could be used to harness soil legacy P for crop production. We highlight how the occurrence and potential bioaccessibility of different forms of soil inorganic and organic P vary depending on soil properties, such as soil pH and organic matter content. We also found that accumulation of inorganic legacy P forms changes more than organic P species with fertilizer applications and cessations. We also discuss progress and challenges with current approaches for accessing native soil P that could be used for accessing legacy P, including natural and genetically modified plant-based strategies, the use of P-solubilizing microorganisms, and immobilized organic P-hydrolyzing enzymes. It is foreseeable that accessing legacy P will require multidisciplinary approaches to address these limitations.Legacy Phosphorus, Speciation, Transformation, Accessibility10.3390/soilsystems4040074https://www.mdpi.com/2571-8789/4/4/74/htm10.3390/soilsystems4040074
Zhi, Y., Zhang, C., Hjorth, R., Baun, A., Duckworth, O.W., Call, D.F., Knappe, D.R.U., Jones, J.L., Grieger, K. (2020) Emerging lanthanum (III)-containing materials for phosphate removal from water: A review towards future developments. Environment International, 435: 109257. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106115 PDFEmerging lanthanum (III)-containing materials for phosphate removal from water: A review towards future developmentsKhara Grieger20209/21/2020The last two decades have seen a rise in the development of lanthanum (III)-containing materials (LM) for controlling phosphate in the aquatic environment. >70 papers have been published on this topic in the peer-reviewed literature, but mechanisms of phosphate removal by LM as well as potential environmental impacts of LM remain unclear. In this review, we summarize peer-reviewed scientific articles on the development and use of 80 different types of LM in terms of prospective benefits, potential ecological impacts, and research needs. We find that the main benefits of LM for phosphate removal are their ability to strongly bind phosphate under diverse environmental conditions (e.g., over a wide pH range, in the presence of diverse aqueous constituents). The maximum phosphate uptake capacity of LM correlates primarily with the La content of LM, whereas reaction kinetics are influenced by LM formulation and ambient environmental conditions (e.g., pH, presence of co-existing ions, ligands, organic matter). Increased La solubilization can occur under some environmental conditions, including at moderately acidic pH values (i.e., 7 and moderate-to-high bicarbonate alkalinity, although caution should be applied when considering LM use in aquatic systems with acidic pH values and low bicarbonate alkalinity. Moving forward, we recommend additional research dedicated to understanding La release from LM under diverse environmental conditions as well as long-term exposures on ecological organisms, particularly primary producers and benthic organisms. Further, site-specific monitoring could be useful for evaluating potential impacts of LM on both biotic and abiotic systems post-application.Lanthanum, Phosphate, Surface Water Restoration, Eutrophication Control, Phosphorus Inactivation10.1016/j.envint.2020.106115https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.10611510.1016/j.envint.2020.106115
Huang, Y., Li, W., Gao, J., Wang, F., Yang, W., Han, L., Lin, D., Min, B., Zhi, Y., Grieger, K., Yao, J. Effect of microplastics on ecosystem function: Microbial nitrogen removal mediated by benthic macroinvertebrates. Science of the Total Environment, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142133.Effect of microplastics on ecosystem function: Microbial nitrogen removal mediated by benthic macroinvertebratesKhara Grieger20209/7/2020While ecotoxicological impacts of microplastics on aquatic organisms have started to be investigated recently, impacts on ecosystem functions mediated by benthic biota remain largely unknown. We investigated the effect of microplastics on nitrogen removal in freshwater sediments where microorganisms and benthic invertebrates (i.e., chironomid larvae) co-existed. Using microcosm experiments, sediments with and without invertebrate chironomid larvae were exposed to microplastics (polyethylene) at concentrations of 0, 0.1, and 1 wt%. After 28 days of exposure, the addition of microplastics or chironomid larvae promoted the growth of denitrifying and anammox bacteria, leading to increased total nitrogen removal, in both cases. However, in microcosms with chironomid larvae and microplastics co-existing, nitrogen removal was less than the sum of their individual effects, especially at microplastics concentration of 1 wt%, indicating an adverse effect on microbial nitrogen removal mediated by macroinvertebrates. This study reveals that the increasing concentration of microplastics entangled the nitrogen cycling mediated by benthic invertebrates in freshwater ecosystems. These findings highlight the pursuit of a comprehensive understanding of the impacts of microplastics on the functioning in freshwater ecosystems.Microplastics, Nitrogen Removal Function, Denitrification, Anammox, Chironomids, Microorganisms10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142133https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S004896972035662X10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142133
Saia, S., Nelson, N., Huseth, A., Grieger, K., Reich, B., Transitioning Machine Learning from Theory to Practice in Natural Resource Management. Ecological Modelling, 435: 109257. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2020.109257 PDFTransitioning Machine Learning from Theory to Practice in Natural Resource ManagementKhara Grieger20209/2/2020Advances in sensing and computation have accelerated at unprecedented rates and scales, in turn creating new opportunities for natural resources managers to improve adaptive and predictive management practices by coupling large environmental datasets with machine learning (ML). Yet, to date, ML models often remain inaccessible to managers working outside of academic research. To identify challenges preventing natural resources managers from putting ML into practice more broadly, we convened a group of 23 stakeholders (i.e., applied researchers and practitioners) who model and analyze data collected from environmental and agricultural systems. Workshop participants shared many barriers regarding their perceptions of, and experiences with, ML modeling. These barriers emphasized three main areas of concern: ML model transparency, availability of educational resources, and the role of process-based understanding in ML model development. Informed by workshop participant input, we offer recommendations on how the ecological modelling community canovercome key barriers preventing ML model use in natural resources management and advance the profession towards data-driven decision-making.Machine Learning, Natural Resources Management, Stakeholders, Decision-Support Tools, Decision-Making, Process-Based Modeling10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2020.109257https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304380020303276?via=ihub10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2020.109257
Kuzma, Jennifer, Khara D. Grieger, Zachary S. Brown, and Christopher L. Cummings. “Pandemics Call for Systems Approaches to Research and Funding.� Issues in Science and Technology (May 4, 2020) Download PDFPandemics Call for Systems Approaches to Research and FundingJennifer Kuzma, Khara Grieger, Christopher L. Cummings, Zack Brown20205/4/2020National strategies must incorporate social as well as natural sciences.Coronavirus, COVID-19, Governance, Social Scienceshttps://issues.org/pandemics-call-for-systems-approaches/0
Porcari, A., Borsella, E., Benighaus, C., Grieger, K. et al. From risk perception to risk governance in nanotechnology: a multi-stakeholder study. Journal of Nanoparticle Research (2019) 21: 245. doi: 10.1007/s11051-019-4689-9. Published: 21 November 2019. Download PDFFrom risk perception to risk governance in nanotechnology: a multi-stakeholder study.Khara Grieger201911/21/2019Nanotechnology is widely used in several industrial and consumer sectors and has the potential to grow further and expand globally. An exploration of stakeholder (SH)’s perceptions is essential to ensuring that robust risk governance processes are in place for nanotechnology and nano-related products. In response, numerous studies have been conducted to investigate SH’s perceptions of nanotechnology and nano-related products over the past 15 years. To build on this work and to capture current perceptions across a wide panel of SHs, we conducted a multi-national and cross-sectoral SH study of awareness, perceptions and opinions regarding the use and potential impact on society and the environment of nanomaterials (NMs) and nano-related products, and SH’s expectations about risk governance. The study was conducted using both quantitative and qualitative inquiries and targeted more than 3000 SHs across different sectors in a total of 15 countries. Results showed a tendency towards more convergence of opinions amongst all the relevant SHs and the public respondents than in past studies. There was consensus on the crucial importance of having unbiased, scientific and trustable information regarding the potential impacts of NMs and nano-related products on the environment, health and safety. SHs were interested in having more internationally harmonised and robust regulation for NMs and nano-related products; improved scientific evidence on nanomaterial hazards, exposures and effects; as well as specific guidance on the safe use of NMs. Overall, this work provides an updated scenario of SHs’ perceptions regarding nanotechnology and nano-related products, underscoring the importance of including SH needs in effective risk governance strategies.Nanomaterials, Nano-Related Products, Risk Assessment, Risk Management, Risk Communication, Decision Analysis, Risk-Benefit Of Nanomaterials, Societal Implications10.1007/s11051-019-4689-9https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11051-019-4689-910.1007/s11051-019-4689-9
Khara Grieger, Jacob L. Jones, Steffen Foss Hansen, Christine Ogilvie Hendren, Keld Alstrup Jensen, Jennifer Kuzma & Anders Baun . Best practices from nano-risk analysis relevant for other emerging technologies. Nature Nanotechnology, 14, pages 998–1001(2019) doi: 10.1038/s41565-019-0572-1. Published: 06 November 2019. Download PDFBest practices from nano-risk analysis relevant for other emerging technologiesKhara Grieger201911/6/2019The experiences gained from the past 15 years of nanomaterial risk analysis may be useful for the risk analysis efforts of other emerging technologies.Environmental Health And Safety Issues, Research Management10.1038/s41565-019-0572-1https://rdcu.be/bWvQE10.1038/s41565-019-0572-1
Ninell P. Mortensen, Leah M. Johnson, Khara D. Grieger, Jeffrey L. Ambroso, Timothy R. Fennell. Biological Interactions between Nanomaterials and Placental Development and Function Following Oral Exposure. Reproductive Toxicology - Published Online August 2019. ISSN 0890-6238, doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.08.016.Biological Interactions between Nanomaterials and Placental Development and Function Following Oral ExposureKhara Grieger20198/30/2019We summarize the literature involving the deposition of nanomaterials within the placenta following oral exposure and the biological interactions between nanomaterials and placental development and function. The review focuses on the oral exposure of metal and metal oxide engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), carbon-based ENMs, and nanoplastics in animal models, with a minor discussion of intravenous injections. Although the literature suggests that the placenta is an efficient barrier in preventing nanomaterials from reaching the fetus, nanomaterials that accumulate in the placenta may interfere with its development and function. Furthermore, some studies have demonstrated a decrease in placental weight and association with adverse fetal health outcomes following oral exposure to nanomaterials. Since nanomaterials are increasingly used in food, food packaging, and have been discovered in drinking water, the risk for adverse impacts on placental development and functions, with secondary effects on embryo-fetal development, following unintentional maternal ingestion of nanomaterials requires further investigation.Nanoparticles, Nano-Toxicology, Placental Function10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.08.016http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S089062381830670110.1016/j.reprotox.2019.08.016
Isigonis P, Hristozov D, Benighaus C, Giubilato E, Grieger K, Pizzol L, Semenzin E, Linkov I, Zabeo A, Marcomini A. Risk Governance of Nanomaterials: Review of Criteria and Tools for Risk Communication, Evaluation, and Mitigation. Nanomaterials. 2019; 9(5):696. doi: 10.3390/nano9050696 Download PDFRisk Governance of Nanomaterials: Review of Criteria and Tools for Risk Communication, Evaluation, and MitigationKhara Grieger20195/4/2019Nanotechnologies have been increasingly used in industrial applications and consumer products across several sectors, including construction, transportation, energy, and healthcare. The widespread application of these technologies has raised concerns regarding their environmental, health, societal, and economic impacts. This has led to the investment of enormous resources in Europe and beyond into the development of tools to facilitate the risk assessment and management of nanomaterials, and to inform more robust risk governance process. In this context, several risk governance frameworks have been developed. In our study, we present and review those, and identify a set of criteria and tools for risk evaluation, mitigation, and communication, the implementation of which can inform better risk management decision-making by various stakeholders from e.g., industry, regulators, and the civil society. Based on our analysis, we recommend specific methods from decision science and information technologies that can improve the existing risk governance tools so that they can communicate, evaluate, and mitigate risks more transparently, taking stakeholder perspectives and expert opinion into account, and considering all relevant criteria in establishing the risk-benefit balance of these emerging technologies to enable more robust decisions about the governance of their risks.Nanomaterials, Nanotechnology, Risk Analysis, Tools, Communication, Stakeholders10.3390/nano9050696https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/9/5/69610.3390/nano9050696
Khara D. Grieger, Tyler Felgenhauer, Ortwin Renn, Jonathan Wiener, Mark Borsuk (2019). Emerging risk governance for stratospheric aerosol injection as a climate management technology. Environment Systems and Decisions. doi: 10.1007/s10669-019-09730-6. DownloadEmerging risk governance for stratospheric aerosol injection as a climate management technologyKhara Grieger20195/1/2019Stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) as a solar radiation management (SRM) technology may provide a cost-effective means of avoiding some of the worst impacts of climate change, being perhaps orders of magnitude less expensive than greenhouse gas emissions mitigation. At the same time, SAI technologies have deeply uncertain economic and environmental impacts and complex ethical, legal, political, and international relations ramifications. Robust governance strategies are needed to manage the many potential benefits, risks, and uncertainties related to SAI. This perspective reviews the International Risk Governance Council (IRGC)’s guidelines for emerging risk governance (ERG) as an approach for responsible consideration of SAI, given the IRGC’s experience in governing other more conventional risks. We examine how the five steps of the IRGC’s ERG guidelines would address the complex, uncertain, and ambiguous risks presented by SAI. Diverse risks are identified in Step 1, scenarios to amplify or dissipate the risks are identified in Step 2, and applicable risk management options identified in Step 3. Steps 4 and 5 involve implementation and review by risk managers within an established organization. For full adoption and promulgation of the IRGC’s ERG guidelines, an international consortium or governing body (or set of bodies) should be tasked with governance and oversight. This Perspective provides a first step at reviewing the risk governance tasks that such a body would undertake and contributes to the growing literature on best practices for SRM governance.Risk Governance, Climate Engineering, Stratospheric Aerosols10.1007/s10669-019-09730-6.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23299460.2019.159114510.1007/s10669-019-09730-6.

Back to top

Ever wish academic papers sounded more like podcasts? 🎙️
We did too—so we made it happen. The GES Publications Podcast – go.ncsu.edu/ges-pubs-podcast– uses Google Gemini’s NotebookLM to transform GES Center research into natural, discussion-style episodes unpacking the ethical, social, and policy sides of biotech. Listen and subscribe wherever you get your podcasts.

1983—2011

Article

Year

Affiliate(s)

Corporate Social Responsibility for Nanotechnology Oversight

Kuzma, J. and Kuzhabekova, A. (2011) "Corporate Social Responsibility for Nanotechnology Oversight." Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy 14(4): 407-419. DOI: 10.1007/S11019-011-9330-3		2011Kuzma, Jennifer

Renegotiating GM Crop Regulation

Kuzma, J., and Kokotovich, A. (2011). "Renegotiating GM Crop Regulation" EMBO Reports 12: 883 - 888. doi: 10.1038/Embor.2011.160		2011Kuzma, Jennifer

Recommendations for Oversight of Nanobiotechnology: Dynamic Oversight for Complex and Convergent Technology

Ramachandran G , Wolf SM , Paradise J , Kuzma J , Hall , Kokkoli E , Fatehi L. Recommendations for Oversight of Nanobiotechnology: Dynamic Oversight for Complex and Convergent Technology. Journal of Nanoparticle Research 2011;13(4):1345-71. doi: 10.1007/S11051-011-0233-2		2011Kuzma, Jennifer

Nanotechnology, Voluntary Oversight, and Corporate Social Performance: Does Company Size Matter?

Kuzma J , Kuzhabekova A . Nanotechnology, Voluntary Oversight, and Corporate Social Performance: Does Company Size Matter?. Journal of Nanoparticle Research 2011;13(4):1499-1512. doi: 10.1007/S11051-011-0235-0		2011Kuzma, Jennifer

What is Nanotechnology and Why Does it Matter?: From Science to Ethics

Kuzma J. (2011) "Fritz Allhoff, Patrick Lin, and Daniel Moore. What is Nanotechnology and Why Does it Matter?: From Science to Ethics." Journal of Bioethical Inquiry 8: 209-211. ISBN: 978-1-4051-7545-6		2011Kuzma, Jennifer

The Revolving Door between Regulatory Agencies and Industry: A Problem That Requires Reconceptualizing Objectivity

Meghani, Z. and J. Kuzma. (2011). The "Revolving Door" between Regulatory Agencies and Industry: A Problem That Requires Reconceptualizing Objectivity" Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics: 24 (6) 575-599. DOI: 10.1007/S10806-010-9287-x		2011Kuzma, Jennifer

Nanotechnology Governance and Publics: Making Connections in Policy in Nanotechnology and the Public Sphere

Kuzma, J. "Nanotechnology Governance and Publics: Making Connections in Policy" in Nanotechnology and the Public Sphere. Ed Susanna Priest. Taylor & Francis (2011). ISBN 9781439826836		2011Kuzma, Jennifer

Introduction: Designing Nanobiotechnology Oversight

Fatehi L, Wolf SM , Ramachandran G , Kuzma J . Introduction: Designing Nanobiotechnology Oversight. Journal of Nanoparticle Research 2011;13(4):1341-43. doi: 10.1007/S11051-011-0231-4		2011Kuzma, Jennifer

Minnesota Nanotechnology: A report to the state legislature

Campbell, S., Haynes, C., Kuzma J., Moody, C., Newberry D. and Ramachandran G., Minnesota Nanotechnology: A report to the state legislature. January 2011.		2011Kuzma, Jennifer

Recommendations for Oversight of Nanobiotechnology: Dynamic Oversight for Complex and Convergent Technology

Ramachandran G , Wolf SM , Paradise J , Kuzma J , Hall , Kokkoli E , Fatehi L . Recommendations for Oversight of Nanobiotechnology: Dynamic Oversight for Complex and Convergent Technology. Journal of Nanoparticle Research 2011;13(4):1345-71.		2011Kuzma, Jennifer

Differential expression of odorant receptor genes involved in the sexual isolation of two Heliothis moths

Vasquez, G. M., P. Fischer, C. M. Grozinger and F. Gould. 2011. Differential expression of odorant receptor genes involved in the sexual isolation of two Heliothis moths. Insect. Mol. Biol. 20:115- 124. DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-2583.2010.01044.X		2011Gould, Fred

Functional characterization of pheromone receptors in the tobacco budworm Heliothis virescens

Wang, G., G. M. Vasquez, C. Schal, L. J. Zwiebel, and F. Gould. 2011. Functional characterization of pheromone receptors in the tobacco budworm Heliothis virescens. Insect. Mol. Biol. 20:125-133. DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-2583.2010.01045.X		2011Gould, Fred

Reduced levels of membrane- bound alkaline phosphatase are common to lepidopteran strains resistant to Cry toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis

Jurat-Fuentes, J. L., Karumbaiah, L., Jakka, S.R.K., Ning, C., Liu, C., Wu, K., Jackson, J., Gould, F., Blanco, C., Portilla, M., Perera, O. P., and M. J. Adang. 2011. Reduced levels of membrane- bound alkaline phosphatase are common to lepidopteran strains resistant to Cry toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis. PLoS ONE 6(3): E17606. doi:10.1371/Journal.Pone.0017606		2011Gould, Fred

Medea selfish genetic elements as tools for altering traits of wild populations: A theoretical analysis

Ward, C. M., J. T. Su, Y. Huang, A. L. Lloyd, F. Gould, and B. A. Hay. 2011. Medea selfish genetic elements as tools for altering traits of wild populations: A theoretical analysis. Evolution 65-4: 1149-1162. DOI: 10.1111/J.1558-5646.2010.01186.X		2011Gould, Fred

Host plant direct defence against eggs of its specialist herbivore, Heliothis subflexa

Petzold-Maxwell J., S. Wong, C. Arellano, F. Gould. 2011. Host plant direct defence against eggs of its specialist herbivore, Heliothis subflexa. Ecol. Entomol. 36:700-708. DOI: 10.1111/J.1365- 2311.2011.01315.X.		2011Gould, Fred

Susceptibility of Helicoverpa armigera from different host plants in northern China to Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry1Ac

Gao, Y., J. An, F. Gould, C. A. Blanco, K. M. Wu, 2011. Susceptibility of Helicoverpa armigera from different host plants in northern China to Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry1Ac. Crop. Prot. 30:1421-1424. doi: 10.1016/J.Cropro.2011.08.004		2011Gould, Fred

Evaluation of Location-Specific Predictions by a Detailed Simulation Model of Aedes aegypti Populations

Legros M., K. Magori, A. C. Morrison Amy C., C. G. Xu, T. W. Scott, A. L. Lloyd, F. Gould. 2011. Evaluation of Location-Specific Predictions by a Detailed Simulation Model of Aedes aegypti Populations PLoS ONE 6 Issue: 7 Article Number:10.1371/Journal.Pone.0022701.		2011Gould, Fred

Gene-drive into insect populations with age and spatial structure: a theoretical assessment

Huang, Y., Lloyd, A.L., Legros, M., Gould, F. 2011. Gene-drive into insect populations with age and spatial structure: a theoretical assessment. Evol. Appl. 4:415-428 DOI: 10.1111/J.1752- 4571.2010.00153.X		2011Gould, Fred

Field Observations of Oviposition by a Specialist Herbivore on Plant Parts and Plant Species Unsuitable as Larval Food

Benda, N. D., C. Brownie, C. Schal, F. Gould. 2011.Field Observations of Oviposition by a Specialist Herbivore on Plant Parts and Plant Species Unsuitable as Larval Food. Environ. Entomol. 40:1478-1486. DOI: 10.1603/EN09335		2011Gould, Fred

Assessing the impact of density dependence in field populations of Aedes aegypti

Walsh, R. K., L. Facchinelli, J. M. Ramsey, J. G. Bond, F. Gould. 2011. Assessing the impact of density dependence in field populations of Aedes aegypti. Journal of Vector Ecology. 36:300-307 DOI: 10.1111/J.1948-7134.2011.00170.X		2011Gould, Fred

Constructing Audiences in Scientific Controversy

Delborne, Jason A. (2011) "Constructing Audiences in Scientific Controversy," Social Epistemology 25 (1): 67-95.		2011Delborne, Jason

Virtual Deliberation? Prospects and Challenges for Integrating the Internet in Consensus Conferences

Delborne, Jason A., Ashley Anderson, Daniel Lee Kleinman, Mathilde Colin, and Maria Powell. (2011) "Virtual Deliberation? Prospects and Challenges for Integrating the Internet in Consensus Conferences." Public Understanding of Science 20(3): 367-84.		2011Delborne, Jason

Toxic Transformations: Constructing Audiences for Environmental Justice

Delborne, Jason A. and Wyatt Galusky. (2011) "Toxic Transformations: Constructing Audiences for Environmental Justice," in Technoscience and Environmental Justice: Expert Cultures in a Grassroots Movement. G. Ottinger and B. Cohen (eds). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 63-92.		2011Delborne, Jason

Engaging Citizens: The High Cost of Citizen Participation in High Technology

Kleinman, Daniel Lee, Jason A. Delborne, and Ashley Anderson. (2011) "Engaging Citizens: The High Cost of Citizen Participation in High Technology." Public Understanding of Science 20(2): 221-240.		2011Delborne, Jason

Beyond Engagement Exercises: Exploring the U.S. National Citizens

Powell, Maria; Delborne, Jason; and Colin, Mathilde (2011) "Beyond Engagement Exercises: Exploring the U.S. National Citizens' Technology Forum from the Bottom-Up," Journal of Public Deliberation: Vol. 7 : Iss. 1 , Article 4. (47 Pages). Available at: https://www.Publicdeliberation.net/jpd/vol7/iss1/art4		2011Delborne, Jason

Imagining Ordinary Citizens? Conceptualized and Actual Participants for Deliberations on Emerging Technologies

Powell, Maria, Mathilde Colin, Daniel Kleinman, Jason Delborne, and Ashley Anderson . (2011) "Imagining Ordinary Citizens? Conceptualized and Actual Participants for Deliberations on Emerging Technologies." Science as Culture 20(1): 37-70.		2011Delborne, Jason

Nanotechnology, Risk, and Oversight: Learning Lessons from Related Emerging Technologies

Kuzma, J. and Priest, S. (2010), Nanotechnology, Risk, and Oversight: Learning Lessons from Related Emerging Technologies. Risk Analysis, 30: 1688-1698. doi:10.1111/J.1539-6924.2010.01471.X		2010Kuzma, Jennifer

Systems mapping of consumer acceptance of agrifood nanotechnology

Yawson, R. and J. Kuzma. "Systems mapping of consumer acceptance of agrifood nanotechnology" Journal of Consumer Policy 33 (4): 299- 322 (2010).		2010Kuzma, Jennifer

Nanotechnology: Environmental Benefits

Kuzma, J. and R. L. Johnson. "Nanotechnology: Environmental Benefits," Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Society Ed. David Guston, SAGE Publications (2010)		2010Kuzma, Jennifer

Unpacking Synthetic Biology for Oversight Policy

Kuzma, J. and T. Tanji, "Unpacking Synthetic Biology for Oversight Policy" Regulation & Governance 4: 92-112 (2010) DOI: 10.1111/J.1748-5991.2010.01071.X		2010Kuzma, Jennifer

Multi-criteria decision making for studying nanotechnology & society

Kuzma, J. "Multi-criteria decision making for studying nanotechnology & society," Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Society Ed. David Guston, SAGE Publications (2010) ISBN: 9781412969871		2010Kuzma, Jennifer

Nanotechnology in Animal Production: Upstream Assessment of Applications

Kuzma, J. "Nanotechnology in Animal Production: Upstream Assessment of Applications." Livestock Science 130: 14-24 (2010). doi: 10.1016/J.Livsci.2010.02.006		2010Kuzma, Jennifer

Nanotechnology: Piecing Together the Puzzle of Risk

Kuzma, J. "Nanotechnology: Piecing Together the Puzzle of Risk." Current Controversies in Science and Technology, Volume III; Eds. D. Kleinman Et al (2010).		2010Kuzma, Jennifer

Nanotechnology Regulation and Oversight

Kuzma, J. "Nanotechnology Regulation and Oversight" In Encyclopedia of Science and Technology Communication. Ed. Susanna Priest. SAGE Publications (2010) (edited volume)		2010Kuzma, Jennifer

Sizing Up Nanotechnology Oversight

Kuzma, J. Sizing Up Nanotechnology Oversight. MN Nano E-Newsletter, #13, July 2010.		2010Kuzma, Jennifer

Nanotechnology: A History Lesson

Kuzma, J. Nanotechnology: A History Lesson. Momentum magazine. Winter 2010.		2010Kuzma, Jennifer

Expert Opinion of Emerging Technologies Oversight: Lessons for Nanotechnology from Biotechnology

Kuzma, J., Kuzhabekova, A., Priest, S., and L. Yerhot. "Expert Opinion of Emerging Technologies Oversight: Lessons for Nanotechnology from Biotechnology" pp 133-156 Understanding Nanotechnology: Philosophy, Policy, and Publics. Ed. Fieldeler, et al. IOS Press: Amsterdam (2010)		2010Kuzma, Jennifer

Applying Evolutionary Biology: From retrospective analysis to direct manipulation

Gould, F. 2010. Applying Evolutionary Biology: From retrospective analysis to direct manipulation. Chapter 21. In M. A. Bell, D. J. Futuyma, W. F. Eanes, and J. S. Levinton (eds.), Evolution Since Darwin: The First 150 Years. Sinauer, Sunderland. ISBN: 9780878934133		2010Gould, Fred

Sexual isolation of male moths Explained by a single pheromone response QTL containing four odorant receptor genes

Gould, F., M. Estock, N. K. Hillier, B. Powell, A. T. Groot, C. M. Ward, J. L. Emerson, C. Schal, N. J. Vickers. 2010. Sexual isolation of male moths Explained by a single pheromone response QTL containing four odorant receptor genes. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 107:8660-8665. doi: 10.1073/Pnas.0910945107		2010Gould, Fred

Offspring from sequential matings between Bacillus thuringiensis-resistant and Bacillus thuringiensis-susceptible Heliothis virescens moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Blanco, C. A., F. Gould, A. T. Groot, C. A. Abel, G. Hernandez, O. P. Perera, A. P. Teran-Vargas. 2010. Offspring from sequential matings between Bacillus thuringiensis-resistant and Bacillus thuringiensis-susceptible Heliothis virescens moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J. Econ. Entom. 103:861-868. doi: 10.1603/EC09232		2010Gould, Fred

Insect oviposition behavior affects the evolution of adaptation to Bt crops: consequences for refuge policies

Jongsma, M. A., F. Gould, M. Legros, Y. M. Yang, J. J. A. Van Loon, M. Dicke. 2010. Insect oviposition behavior affects the evolution of adaptation to Bt crops: consequences for refuge policies. Evol. Ecol. 24:1017-1030. doi: 10.1007/S10682-010-9368-3		2010Gould, Fred

Modeling the population dynamics of cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera)

Feng, H. Q., F. Gould, Y. X. Huang, Y. Y. Jiang, K. M. Wu. 2010. Modeling the population dynamics of cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Ecol. Modeling 221:1819-1830. doi: 10.1016/J.Ecolmodel.2010.04.003		2010Gould, Fred

Understanding Uncertainties in Model-Based Predictions of Aedes aegypti Population Dynamics

Xu, C., Legros, M., Gould, F, Lloyd, A. L. 2010.Understanding Uncertainties in Model-Based Predictions of Aedes aegypti Population Dynamics. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 4(9): E830. doi:10.1371/Journal.Pntd.0000830		2010Gould, Fred

Vip3Aa Tolerance Response of Helicoverpa armigera Populations From a Cry1Ac Cotton Planting Region

An, J. J., Y. L. Gao, K. M. Wu, F. Gould, J. H. Gao, Z. C. Shen, C. L. Lei. 2010. Vip3Aa Tolerance Response of Helicoverpa armigera Populations From a Cry1Ac Cotton Planting Region. Journal of Economic Entomology.103:2169-2173. doi: 10.1603/EC10105		2010Gould, Fred

Age and Mating Status Do Not Affect Transcript Levels of Odorant Receptor Genes in Male Antennae of Heliothis virescens and Heliothis subflexa

Soques, S., G. M. Vasquez, C. M. Grozinger, and F. Gould. 2010. Age and Mating Status Do Not Affect Transcript Levels of Odorant Receptor Genes in Male Antennae of Heliothis virescens and Heliothis subflexa. J. Chem. Ecol. 36:1226-1233. DOI 10.1007/S10886-010-9863-6		2010Gould, Fred

On the (Mis)Use of Wealth as a Proxy for Risk Aversion

M. F. Bellemare, Z. S. Brown (2010). On the (Mis)Use of Wealth as a Proxy for Risk Aversion. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 92(1): 273-282.		2010Brown, Zachary

Controversies in Science and Technology, Volume 3: From Evolution to Energy

Kleinman, Daniel Lee, Jason A. Delborne, Karen Cloud-Hansen, and Jo Handelsman (eds.). (2010) Controversies in Science and Technology, Volume 3: From Evolution to Energy, New Rochelle, NY: Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.		2010Delborne, Jason

Biofuels: Streams and Themes

Delborne, Jason A. (2010) "Biofuels: Streams and Themes," in Controversies in Science and Technology, Volume 3: From Evolution to Energy, D. Kleinman, J. Delborne, K. Cloud-Hansen, and J. Handelsman (eds.). New Rochelle, NY: Mary Ann Liebert, Inc, pp. 175-90.		2010Delborne, Jason

Introduction: From Evolution to Energy

Delborne, Jason A., Daniel Lee Kleinman, Karen A. Cloud-Hansen, and Jo Handelsman. (2010) "Introduction: From Evolution to Energy," in Controversies in Science and Technology, Volume 3: From Evolution to Energy, D. Kleinman, J. Delborne, K. Cloud-Hansen, and J. Handelsman (eds.). New Rochelle, NY: Mary Ann Liebert, Inc, pp. Xi-xxvi.		2010Delborne, Jason

The public option: A possible change in the U

Kuzma J. and Z. Meghani. The public option: A possible change in the U.S. Risk -based decision making for emerging technological products: Compromised or enhanced objectivity? EMBO Reports 10: 1-6 (2009). DOI: 10.1038/Embor.2009.250		2009Kuzma, Jennifer

Improving Oversight of Genetically Engineered Organisms

Kuzma, J. and Kuzhabekova, A, Wilder, K. "Improving Oversight of Genetically Engineered Organisms" Policy & Society 28: 279-299 (2009). doi: 10.1016/J.Polsoc.2009.09.003		2009Kuzma, Jennifer

Introduction: The Challenge of Developing Oversight Approaches to Nanobiotechnology

Paradise, J., S.M.Wolf, J. Kuzma, G. Ramachandran, and E. Kokkoli. "Introduction: The Challenge of Developing Oversight Approaches to Nanobiotechnology," Journal of Law Medicine and Ethics 37(4): 543- 545 (2009).		2009Kuzma, Jennifer

Evaluating Oversight Systems for Emerging Technologies: A Case Study of Genetically Engineered Organisms

Kuzma, J. Larson, J. and P. Najmaie. "Evaluating Oversight Systems for Emerging Technologies: A Case Study of Genetically Engineered Organisms," Journal of Law Medicine and Ethics 37 (4): 546-586 (2009).		2009Kuzma, Jennifer

Developing Oversight Strategies for Nanobiotechnology: Learning from Past Oversight Experiences

Paradise, J.. Wolf, S., Kuzma, J., Kuzhabekova, A., Wedekind, A., Kokkoli, E., and G. Ramachandran. "Developing Oversight Strategies for Nanobiotechnology: Learning from Past Oversight Experiences." Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics 37 (4): 688-705 (2009)		2009Kuzma, Jennifer

Biotechnology: Technology and Future, Prosperity and Risks , p

Kuzma, J. "Biotechnology: Technology and Future, Prosperity and Risks", pp. 523-531. In A Companion to the Philosophy of Technology, Ed. Berg, Oslen, Pedersen, and Hendricks. Wiley-Blackwell Publishing 2009. doi: 10.1111/B.9781405146012.2009.00096.X		2009Kuzma, Jennifer

Global Challenges: Technology and Future, Prosperity and Risks

Kuzma, J. "Global Challenges: Technology and Future, Prosperity and Risks", pp. 538-545, In A Companion to the Philosophy of Technology, Ed. Berg, Oslen, Pedersen, and Hendricks. Wiley-Blackwell Publishing. 2009. doi: 10.1111/B.9781405146012.2009.00098.X		2009Kuzma, Jennifer

Developing Oversight Approaches to Nanobiotechnology: The Lessons of History

Developing Oversight Approaches to Nanobiotechnology: The Lessons of History. S.M. Wolf, G. Ramachandran, J. Kuzma, and J. Paradise (eds.) Special Symposium of Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics. 37 (4) (2009).		2009Kuzma, Jennifer

FAO/WHO Expert Meeting on the Application of Nanotechnologies in the Food and Agriculture Sectors: Meeting Report

United Nations FAO/WHO. (2009). FAO/WHO Expert Meeting on the Application of Nanotechnologies in the Food and Agriculture Sectors: Meeting Report. Experts: Abbot, L, Bartholomaeus, AR, Biesalski, HK, Bouwmeester, H., Chaudhry, Q, Cheesman, MA, Chen, H., Gatti, AM, Hirose, A., Kuzma J., Martin, P, Morris, VJ, Oberdorster, G., Park HJ, Peltonen, Ke, de Oliveira, CR. FAO/WHO Secretariat, de Lourdes Costarrica, M., Clarke, R., Takeuchi, M., Santini, N., Fukushima, K, Lutzow, M., Warner, E., Riebe, M. and J. Kuzma. Eds (2008). Climate Change and Sustainable Development: Workshop Report. Center for Science Technology and Public Policy, University of MN.		2009Kuzma, Jennifer

Sexual communication in Lepidoptera: A need for wedding genetics, biochemistry, and molecular biology

Gould, F., A. T. Groot, G. M. Vasquez, and C. Schal. 2009. Sexual communication in Lepidoptera: A need for wedding genetics, biochemistry, and molecular biology. Chapter 10 in (M. Frantisek and M. R. Goldsmith Eds.) Molecular Biology and Genetics of the Lepidoptera. Taylor and Francis Group.		2009Gould, Fred

Fruit abscission by Physalis species as defense against frugivory

Benda, N. D., C. Brownie, C. Schal, F. Gould 2009. Fruit abscission by Physalis species as defense against frugivory. Entom. Exp. Appl. 130:21-27. DOI: 10.1111/J.1570-7458.2008.00792.X		2009Gould, Fred

Gene-drive in age-structured insect populations

Huang, Y., A. Lloyd, M. Legros and F. Gould. (2009) Gene-drive in age-structured insect populations. Evolutionary Applications 2:143-159. DOI: 10.1111/J.1752-4571.2008.00049.X		2009Gould, Fred

Density-Dependent Intraspecific Competition in the Larval Stage of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae): Revisiting the Current Paradigm

Legros, M., Lloyd, A. L., Y. Huang, F, Gould. 2009. Density-Dependent Intraspecific Competition in the Larval Stage of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae): Revisiting the Current Paradigm. Journal of Medical Entomologyl. 46:409-419. doi: 10.1603/033.046.0301		2009Gould, Fred

QTL analysis of sex pheromone blend differences between two closely related moths: Insights into divergence in biosynthetic pathways

Groot AT, Estock ML, Horovitz JL, Santangelo RG, Schal C.,Gould F. 2009. QTL analysis of sex pheromone blend differences between two closely related moths: Insights into divergence in biosynthetic pathways. Insect Biochem Mol. Biol. 39:568-577. doi: 10.1016/J.Ibmb.2009.05.002		2009Gould, Fred

Geographic and temporal variation in moth chemical communication

Groot AT, Inglis O, Bowdridge S Santangelo RG, Blanco C, Lopez JD, Vargas AT, Gould F, Schal C 2009. Geographic and temporal variation in moth chemical communication. Evolution. 63:1987- 2003. DOI: 10.1111/J.1558-5646.2009.00702.X		2009Gould, Fred

Response of Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Strains to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac Incorporated Into Different Insect Artificial Diets

Blanco CA, Gould F, Vega-Aquino P, Jurat-Fuentes JL, Perera OP, Abel CA. 2009. Response of Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Strains to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac Incorporated Into Different Insect Artificial Diets. Journal of Economic Entomology. 102:1599-1606. doi: 10.1603/029.102.0426		2009Gould, Fred

Cry2Ab Tolerance Response of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Populations From Cry1Ac Cotton Planting Region

Gao YL, Wu KM, Gould F, Shen ZC 2009. Cry2Ab Tolerance Response of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Populations From Cry1Ac Cotton Planting Region. Journal of Economic Entomology.102:1217-1223. doi: 10.1603/029.102.0347		2009Gould, Fred

Frequency of Bt Resistance Alleles in H-armigera During 2006-2008 in Northern China

Gao YL, Wu KM, Gould F. 2009. Frequency of Bt Resistance Alleles in H-armigera During 2006-2008 in Northern China. Environ. Entomol. 38:1336-1342. doi: 10.1603/022.038.0445		2009Gould, Fred

Skeeter Buster: a stochastic, spatially-explicit modeling tool for studying Aedes aegypti population replacement and population suppression strategies

Magori K., M. Legros , M. Puente, D. A. Focks, T. W. Scott, A. Lloyd, F, Gould. 2009. Skeeter Buster: a stochastic, spatially-explicit modeling tool for studying Aedes aegypti population replacement and population suppression strategies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3(9): E508. doi:10.1371/Journal.Pntd.0000508		2009Gould, Fred

Effect of Heliothis subflexa herbivory on fruit abscission by Physalis species: the roles of mechanical damage and chemical factors

Petzold, J., C. Brownie, F. Gould. 2009. Effect of Heliothis subflexa herbivory on fruit abscission by Physalis species: the roles of mechanical damage and chemical factors. Ecol. Entomol. 34:603- 613. DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-2311.2009.01109.X		2009Gould, Fred

Nanotechnology and in Situ Remediation: A Review of the Benefits and Potential Risks

Karn, B., Kuiken, T., and Otto, M. 2009. Nanotechnology and in Situ Remediation: A Review of the Benefits and Potential Risks. Environmental Health Perspectives, 117(12).		2009Kuiken, Todd

An Integrated Approach to Oversight Assessment for Emerging Technologies

Kuzma, J., Paradise, J., Kim, J., Kokotovich, A., G. Ramachandran, and Wolf, S. "An Integrated Approach to Oversight Assessment for Emerging Technologies." Risk Analysis 28(5): 1179-1195 (2008). DOI: 10.1111/J.1539-6924.2008.01086.X		2008Kuzma, Jennifer

Ethics of Risk Analysis and Regulatory Review: From Bio- to Nanotechnology

Kuzma, J. and J.C. Besley. "Ethics of Risk Analysis and Regulatory Review: From Bio- to Nanotechnology," Nanoethics 2(2): 149-162 (2008). doi:10.1007/S11569-008-0035-x		2008Kuzma, Jennifer

Upstream Oversight Assessment for Agrifood Nanotechnology

Kuzma, J. Romanchek,J. and A. Kokotovich "Upstream Oversight Assessment for Agrifood Nanotechnology." Risk Analysis 28(4): 1081-1098 (2008). DOI: 10.1111/J.1539-6924.2008.01071.X		2008Kuzma, Jennifer

A multi-perspective analysis for regulatory policy for Bt cotton in India as a case study

Talukder, K. and J. Kuzma. "A multi-perspective analysis for regulatory policy for Bt cotton in India as a case study." Science and Public Policy 35(2): 121-138.(2008). doi: 10.3152/030234208X285409		2008Kuzma, Jennifer

Developing Oversight Frameworks for Nanobiotechnology

Paradise, J., Wolf, S., Ramachandran, G., Kokkoli, E., Hall, R., and J. Kuzma. "Developing Oversight Frameworks for Nanobiotechnology," MN Journal of Law, Science, and Technology 9 (1): 399-416 (2008).		2008Kuzma, Jennifer

Nanotechnology, Ethics and the Environment

Kuzma, J. "Nanotechnology, Ethics and the Environment"in Encyclopedia of Environmental Ethics and Philosophy. Pp. 80-83. Eds. J. Baird Callicott and Robert Frodeman. Macmillian Publishers. (2008).		2008Kuzma, Jennifer

FDA, the Environment and Ethics

Kuzma, J. "FDA, the Environment and Ethics" in Encyclopedia of Environmental Ethics and Philosophy. Pp. 359-360. Eds. J. Baird Callicott and Robert Frodeman. Macmillian Publishers. (2008).		2008Kuzma, Jennifer

Patent: Materials and methods for the bacterial production of isoprene

R.R. Fall, J. Kuzma, and M. Nemecek-Marshall (1998). Materials and methods for the bacterial production of isoprene. U.S. Patent 5,849,970. Licensed 2008.		2008Kuzma, Jennifer

An empirical test of the F-2 screen for detection of Bacillus thuringiensis-resistance alleles in tobacco budworm (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)

Blanco, C. A., O. P. Perera, F. Gould, D. V. Sumerford, G. Hernandez, C. A. Abel, D. A. andow. 2008. An empirical test of the F-2 screen for detection of Bacillus thuringiensis-resistance alleles in tobacco budworm (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 101:1406-1414. doi: 10.1603/0022-0493(2008)101[1406:AeTOTF]2.0.CO;2		2008Gould, Fred

Limitations of stable carbon isotope analysis for determining natal host origins of tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens

Abney, M. R., C. E. Sorenson, F. Gould, J. R. Bradley. 2008. Limitations of stable carbon isotope analysis for determining natal host origins of tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens. F. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 126:46-52. DOI: 10.1111/J.1570-7458.2007.00633.X		2008Gould, Fred

The impact of herbivore-induced plant volatiles on parasitoid foraging success: A general deterministic model

Puente, M. E., G. G. Kennedy, F. Gould. 2008. The impact of herbivore-induced plant volatiles on parasitoid foraging success: A general deterministic model. J. Chem. Ecol. 34:945-958. DOI 10.1007/S10886-008-9471-x		2008Gould, Fred

Impact of herbivore-induced plant volatiles on parasitoid foraging success: A spatial simulation of the Cotesia rubecula, pieris rapae, and Brassica oleracea system

Puente, M. E., K. Magori, G. G. Kennedy, F. Gould. 2008. Impact of herbivore-induced plant volatiles on parasitoid foraging success: A spatial simulation of the Cotesia rubecula, pieris rapae, and Brassica oleracea system. J. Chem Ecol. 34:959-970. doi: 10.1007/S10886-008-9472-9		2008Gould, Fred

Broadening the Application of Evolutionarily Based Genetic Pest Management

Gould, F. 2008. Broadening the Application of Evolutionarily Based Genetic Pest Management. Evolution 62: 500-510. doi: 10.1111/J.1558-5646.2007.00298.X		2008Gould, Fred

A killer-rescue system for self-limiting gene drive of anti-pathogen constructs

Gould, F., Huang, Y., Legros, M., Lloyd, A. L. 2008. A killer-rescue system for self-limiting gene drive of anti-pathogen constructs. Proc. Royal. Soc. Lond. B. 275:2823-2829. DOI: 10.1098/Rspb.2008.0846		2008Gould, Fred

Transgenes and Transgressions: Scientific Dissent as Heterogeneous Practice

Delborne, Jason A. (2008) "Transgenes and Transgressions: Scientific Dissent as Heterogeneous Practice." Social Studies of Science 38 (4): 509-41. [Winner of 2010 David Edge Prize, Society for Social Studies of Science (4S)]		2008Delborne, Jason

Beyond the Precautionary Principle in Progressive Politics: Toward the Social Regulation of Genetically Modified Organisms

Kleinman, Daniel Lee, Jason A. Delborne, and Robin Autry. (2008) "Beyond the Precautionary Principle in Progressive Politics: Toward the Social Regulation of Genetically Modified Organisms." Tailoring Biotechnologies 4 (1/2): 41-54.		2008Delborne, Jason

Genetically Modified Organisms

Delborne, Jason A. and Abby J. Kinchy. (2008) "Genetically Modified Organisms," in Battleground: Science and Technology, Volume 1. S. Restivo and P.H. Denton (eds). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, pp. 182-95.		2008Delborne, Jason

Mercury emission from terrestrial background surfaces in the eastern USA I: Air/surface exchange of mercury within a southeastern deciduous forest (Tennessee) over one year

Kuiken, T., Zhang, H., Gustin, M., Lindberg, S. 2008. Mercury emission from terrestrial background surfaces in the eastern USA: I. Air/surface exchange of mercury within a southeastern deciduous forest (Tennessee) over one year. Applied Geochemistry, 23(3), 345-355. doi: 10.1016/J.Apgeochem.2007.12.006		2008Kuiken, Todd

Mercury emission from terrestrial background surfaces in the eastern USA: II. Air/surface exchange of mercury within forests from South Carolina to New England

Kuiken, T. Gustin, M., Zhang, H., Lindberg, S., Sedinger, B. 2008. Mercury emission from terrestrial background surfaces in the eastern USA: II. Air/surface exchange of mercury within forests from South Carolina to New England. Applied Geochemistry, 23(3), 356-368.		2008Kuiken, Todd

Moving Forward Responsibly: Oversight for the Nanotechnology-Biology Interface

Kuzma, J. "Moving Forward Responsibly: Oversight for the Nanotechnology-Biology Interface," Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 9:165-182 (2007). doi:10.1007/S11051-006-9151-0		2007Kuzma, Jennifer

Moving Forward Responsibly: Oversight for the Nanotechnology-Biology Interface

Kuzma, J. "Moving Forward Responsibly: Oversight for the Nanotechnology-Biology Interface," In Nanotechnology and Occupational Health, A. Pp. 165-182. Maynard & D. Pui Eds. Dordrecht, Nederlands: Springer. 2007. doi: 10.1007/S11051-006-9151-0		2007Kuzma, Jennifer

Ecology of natural enemies and genetically engineered host plants

Kennedy, G.G. and F. Gould. 2007. Ecology of natural enemies and genetically engineered host plants. Pp. 269- 300./ In/ M. Kogan and P. Jepson (eds). Perspectives in ecological Theory and Integrated Pest Management. Cambridge Univ. Press. Cambridge, UK. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511752353.010		2007Gould, Fred

Cross-resistance responses of Cry1Ac-selected Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) to the Bacillus thuringiensis protein Vip3A

Jackson, R. E., M. A. Marcus, F. Gould, J. R. Bradley, J. W. Van Duyn. 2007. Cross-resistance responses of Cry1Ac-selected Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) to the Bacillus thuringiensis protein Vip3A. J. Econ. Entomol. 100:180-186. doi: 10.1603/0022-0493(2007)100[180:CROCHV]2.0.CO;2		2007Gould, Fred

A polymerase chain reaction screen of field populations of Heliothis virescens for a retrotransposon insertion conferring resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxin

Gahan, L. J., F. Gould, J. D. Lopez, S. Micinski, D. G. Heckel. 2007. A polymerase chain reaction screen of field populations of Heliothis virescens for a retrotransposon insertion conferring resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxin. J. Econ. Entomol. 100:187-194. doi: 10.1603/0022-0493(2007)100[187:APCRSO]2.0.CO;2		2007Gould, Fred

Differential attraction of Heliothis subflexa males to synthetic pheromone lures in eastern US and western Mexico

Groot, A. T., R. G. Santangelo, e. Ricci, C. Brownie, F. Gould, C. Schal. 2007. Differential attraction of Heliothis subflexa males to synthetic pheromone lures in eastern US and western Mexico. J. Chem ecol. 33:353-368. DOI: 10.1007/S10886-006-9233-6		2007Gould, Fred

Introducing desirable transgenes into insect populations using Y-linked meiotic drive: A theoretical assessment

Huang, Y., K. Magori, A. L. Lloyd, F. Gould. 2007. Introducing desirable transgenes into insect populations using Y-linked meiotic drive: A theoretical assessment. Evolution 61:717-726. doi: 10.1111/J.1558-5646.2007.00075.X		2007Gould, Fred

Increasing tolerance to Cry1Ac cotton from cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, was confirmed in Bt cotton farming area of China

Li, G. P., K. M. Wu, F. Gould, J. K. Wang, J. Miaoi, X. W. Gao, Y. Y.Guo. 2007. Increasing tolerance to Cry1Ac cotton from cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, was confirmed in Bt cotton farming area of China. Ecological entomology 32:366-375. DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-2311.2007.00891.X		2007Gould, Fred

The diversity of Bt resistance genes in species of Lepidoptera

Heckel, D. G., L. J. Gahan, S.W. Baxter, J. Z. Zhou, A. M. Shelton, F. Gould, B. E. Tabashnik. 2007. The diversity of Bt resistance genes in species of Lepidoptera. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 95:192-197 Special Issue. DOI: 10.1016/J.Jip.2007.03.008		2007Gould, Fred

Introducing transgenes into insect populations using combined gene-drive strategies: Modeling and analysis

Huang, Y., K. Magori, A. L. Lloyd, F. Gould. 2007. Introducing transgenes into insect populations using combined gene-drive strategies: Modeling and analysis. Insect biochem. Mol. Biol. 37:1054-63. DOI: 10.1111/J.1558-5646.2007.00075.X		2007Gould, Fred

Nanotechnology Oversight: Just do it

Kuzma, J. "Nanotechnology Oversight: Just do it" environmental Law Reporter 36:10913-10920 (2006).		2006Kuzma, Jennifer

Living with Bovine Spongiform encephalopathy

Kuzma, J and A. Ahl. "Living with Bovine Spongiform encephalopathy." Risk Analysis 26:585-588 (2006). DOI: 10.1111/J.1539-6924.2006.00768.X		2006Kuzma, Jennifer

Nanotechnology in Agriculture and Food Production: Anticipated Applications

Kuzma, J. and P. VerHage. Nanotechnology in Agriculture and Food Production: Anticipated Applications. Project on emerging Nanotechnologies, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Washington DC September, 2006.		2006Kuzma, Jennifer

Genetically engineered underdominance for manipulation of pest populations: A determinisitic model

Magori, K., and F. Gould. 2006. Genetically engineered underdominance for manipulation of pest populations: A determinisitic model. Genetics 172 (4): 2613-2620. doi: 10.1534/Genetics.105.051789		2006Gould, Fred

Experimental evidence for interspecific directional selection on moth pheromone communication

Groot, A. T., Bennett J., J. Hamilton, R. G. Santangelo, C. Schal, and F. Gould. (2006) Experimental evidence for interspecific directional selection on moth pheromone communication. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 103 (15): 5858-5863. doi: 10.1073/Pnas.0508609103		2006Gould, Fred

Gene drive systems for insect disease vectors

Sinkins, S. P., and F. Gould. 2006. Gene drive systems for insect disease vectors. Nature Reviews Genetics. 7:427- 435.		2006Gould, Fred

Genetic strategies for controlling mosquito-borne diseases

Gould, F., K. Magori, Y. X. Huang. 2006. Genetic strategies for controlling mosquito-borne diseases. American Scientist. 94 (3): 238-246.		2006Gould, Fred

Impact of small fitness costs on pest adaptation to crop varieties with multiple toxins: A heuristic model

Gould, F., Cohen M. B., J. S. Bentur, G. G. Kennedy, J. W. Van Duyn. 2006. Impact of small fitness costs on pest adaptation to crop varieties with multiple toxins: A heuristic model. J. Econ. Entomol. 99:2091-2099. doi: 10.1603/0022-0493-99.6.2091		2006Gould, Fred

Genetic variation for resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins in Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) in eastern North Carolina

Jackson, R.E., F. Gould , J. R. Bradley, J. W. Van Duyn. 2006.Genetic variation for resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins in Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) in eastern North Carolina. J. Econ. Entomol. 99:1790-1797. http://www.Bioone.org/doi/full/10.1603/0022-0493-99.5.1790		2006Gould, Fred

Evaluating Bt IRM requirements in North Carolina through computer modeling

Kurtz, R. W., F. Gould, J. R. Bradley, Jr., J. W. Van Duyn, and C.E. Sorenson. 2006. Evaluating Bt IRM requirements in North Carolina through computer modeling. Pp 1484-1492 /In/ Proceedings, 2006 Beltwide Cotton Conferences, San Antonio, TX. National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN.		2006Gould, Fred

The dark side of DNA

Gould, F. 2006. The dark side of DNA. American Scientist 94:552-554 (book review)		2006Gould, Fred

Global Challenges and Biotechnology

Kuzma, J. "Global Challenges and Biotechnology" economic Perspectives: October, 2005.		2005Kuzma, Jennifer

The Nanotechnology-Biology Interface: exploring Models for Oversight

Kuzma, J. Editor. The Nanotechnology-Biology Interface: exploring Models for Oversight. September 15, 2005. Workshop Report, Center for Science, Technology, and Public Policy, University of Minnesota.		2005Kuzma, Jennifer

The Global Climate and economic Development

Kuzma, J. and L. Dobrovolny. Editors. The Global Climate and economic Development. Center for Science, Technology, and Public Policy. Humphrey Institute. 2005.		2005Kuzma, Jennifer

Fitness studies: developing a consensus methodology in Bridging laboratory and field research for genetic control of disease vectors

Scott TW, Rasgon JL, Black WCIV and Gould F, 2005. Fitness studies: developing a consensus methodology, in Bridging laboratory and field research for genetic control of disease vectors, eds. Knols BGJ and Louis C. Frontis, Wageningen, The Netherlands, Ch. 16, 171-181.		2005Gould, Fred

Effect of PBAN on the sex pheromone gland profile in mated Heliothis virescens and Heliothis subflexa females

Groot, A.T., Y. Fan, C. Brownie, R. A. Jurenka, F. Gould, and C. Schal. (2005). Effect of PBAN on the sex pheromone gland profile in mated Heliothis virescens and Heliothis subflexa females. J. Chem. Ecol. 31:15-28. doi: 10.1007/S10886-005-0970-8		2005Gould, Fred

Male and female antennal responses in Heliothis virescens and H. Subflexa to conspecific and heterospecific sex pheromone compounds

Groot, A.T., C. Gemeno, C. Brownie, F. Gould & C. Schal. 2005. Male and female antennal responses in Heliothis virescens and H. Subflexa to conspecific and heterospecific sex pheromone compounds. Environmental entomology. 34:256-263. doi: 10.1603/0046-225X-34.2.256		2005Gould, Fred

Predation of Colorado potato beetle eggs by a polyphagous ladybeetle in the presence of alternate prey: potential impact on resistance evolution

Mallampalli N, F. Gould, and P. Barbosa. 2005. Predation of Colorado potato beetle eggs by a polyphagous ladybeetle in the presence of alternate prey: potential impact on resistance evolution. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 114:47-54. DOI: 10.1111/J.0013-8703.2005.00232.X		2005Gould, Fred

Genetic basis of resistance to Cry1Ac and Cry2Aa in Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)

Gahan, L. J., Y. T. Ma, M. L. M. Coble, F. Gould F, W. J. Moar, D. G. Heckel. 2005. Genetic basis of resistance to Cry1Ac and Cry2Aa in Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) J. Econ. Entomol.98:1357-1368. doi: 10.1603/0022-0493-98.4.1357		2005Gould, Fred

Genetics of sex pheromone blend differences between Heliothis virescens and Heliothis subflexa: A chromosome mapping approach

Sheck, A. L., A. T. Groot, C. M. Ward, C. Gemeno, J. Wang, C. Schal, & F. Gould. 2006. Genetics of sex pheromone blend differences between Heliothis virescens and Heliothis subflexa: A chromosome mapping approach. J. Evol. Biol. 19:600-617. DOI: 10.1111/J.1420-9101.2005.00999.X		2005Gould, Fred

Pest control by genetic manipulation of sex ratio

Schliekelman, P., S. Ellner, and F. Gould. 2005. Pest control by genetic manipulation of sex ratio. J. Econ. Entomol. 98: 18-34. doi: 10.1603/0022-0493-98.1.18		2005Gould, Fred

Transposable element insertion location bias and the dynamics of gene drive in mosquito populations

Rasgon, J. L., F. Gould. 2005. Transposable element insertion location bias and the dynamics of gene drive in mosquito populations. Insect. Mol. Biol. 14:493-500. DOI: 10.1111/J.1365-2583.2005.00580.X		2005Gould, Fred

Assessing the Utility of Stable Carbon Isotopes for Determining Natal Host Origins of Tobacco Budworm, /Heliothis virescens/, in a Host Species Rich Agro-ecosystem

Abney, M. R., C. E. Sorenson, F. Gould, and J. R. Bradley, Jr. 2005. Assessing the Utility of Stable Carbon Isotopes for Determining Natal Host Origins of Tobacco Budworm, /Heliothis virescens/, in a Host Species Rich Agro-ecosystem. Pp 1511-1516 /In/ Proceedings, 2005 Beltwide Cotton Conferences, New Orleans, LA. National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN.		2005Gould, Fred

Indicators for Waterborne Pathogens

National Research Council. J. Kuzma. Co-Study Director. Indicators for Waterborne Pathogens. 2004.		2004Kuzma, Jennifer

The Search for Quality and Value in Health Care

Medical Technology Leadership Forum (MTLF). The Search for Quality and Value in Health Care. February 2004 (J. Kuzma; published by MTLF)		2004Kuzma, Jennifer

Population genetics of autocidal control and strain replacement

Gould, F., and P. Schliekelman. 2004. Population genetics of autocidal control and strain replacement. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 49: 193-217. DOI: 10.1146/Annurev.Ento.49.061802.123344		2004Gould, Fred

Introgressing pheromone QTL between species: towards and evolutionary understanding of differentiation in sexual communication

Groot, A.T., C. Ward, J. Wang, A. Pokrzywa, J. O'Brien, J. Bennett, J. Kelly, R.G. Santangelo, C. Schal & F. Gould. 2004. Introgressing pheromone QTL between species: towards and evolutionary understanding of differentiation in sexual communication. Journal of Chemical ecology 30: 2497-2516.		2004Gould, Fred

Comparative production of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) from transgenic cotton expressing either one or two Bacillus thuringiensis proteins with and without insecticide oversprays

Jackson, R.E., J. R. Bradley, J. W.Van Duyn JW, and F. Gould. 2004. Comparative production of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) from transgenic cotton expressing either one or two Bacillus thuringiensis proteins with and without insecticide oversprays. J. Econ. Entomol. 97:1719-1725.		2004Gould, Fred

Frequency of Bt resistance genes in Helicoverpa armigera populations from the Yellow River cotton-farming region of China

Li, G.P., K. M.Wu , F. Gould, H. Q. Feng, Y. Z. He, Y. Y. Guo. 2004. Frequency of Bt resistance genes in Helicoverpa armigera populations from the Yellow River cotton-farming region of China. Entomol. Exper. Appl. 112:135-143. DOI: 10.1111/J.0013-8703.2004.00191.X		2004Gould, Fred

Delaying evolution of insect resistance to transgenic crops by decreasing dominance and heritability

Tabashnik, B.E., F. Gould, Y. Carriere. 2004. Delaying evolution of insect resistance to transgenic crops by decreasing dominance and heritability. J. Evol. Biol. 17:904-912. DOI: 10.1111/J.1420-9101.2004.00695.X		2004Gould, Fred

The HevCaLP protein mediates binding specificity of the Cry1A class of Bacillus thuringiensis toxins in Heliothis virescens

Jurat-Fuentes, J. L., L. J. Gahan, F. L. Gould, D. G. Heckel, M. J. Adang. 2004. The HevCaLP protein mediates binding specificity of the Cry1A class of Bacillus thuringiensis toxins in Heliothis virescens. Biochemistry 43:14299-14305.		2004Gould, Fred

U.S. Agriculture is vulnerable to bioterrorism

2003Kuzma, Jennifer

Countering Agricultural Bioterrorism

National Research Council. J. Kuzma. Study Director. Countering Agricultural Bioterrorism. (2003).		2003Kuzma, Jennifer

Facilitating the Continuum from experimental to Clinical Use: Designing Alternative Models

Medical Technology Leadership Forum (MTLF). Facilitating the Continuum from experimental to Clinical Use: Designing Alternative Models. A University of Minnesota Summit. July 2003. (J. Kuzma, published by MTLF)		2003Kuzma, Jennifer

The environmental Impact of Agriculture and energy Use: How new technologies, including biotechnology, can provide sustainable solutions

Kuzma, J. Editor. The environmental Impact of Agriculture and energy Use: How new technologies, including biotechnology, can provide sustainable solutions. Report from Research & Technology Seminar at the Intersection of energy, Agriculture, and Biotechnology, June 30, 2003. Co-hosted by The Royal Norwegian embassy, Washington D.C. and University of Minnesota		2003Kuzma, Jennifer

Breaking Down the Institutional Barriers to Multi-Disciplinary Research

MTLF. Breaking Down the Institutional Barriers to Multi-Disciplinary Research. April 2003. (J. Kuzma, published by MTLF)		2003Kuzma, Jennifer

Dual resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac and Cry2Aa toxins in Heliothis virescens suggests multiple mechanisms of resistance

Jurat-Fuentes, J. L., F. L. Gould, and M. J. Adang (2003). "Dual resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac and Cry2Aa toxins in Heliothis virescens suggests multiple mechanisms of resistance". Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 69(10), Pp. 5898-5906. doi: 10.1128/AeM.69.10.5898-5906.2003		2003Gould, Fred

Estimated frequency of non-recessive Bt resistance genes in bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Bt transgenic corn and cotton

Burd, A. D., J. R. Bradley, J. W. Van Duyn, F. Gould, and W. Moar. 2003. Estimated frequency of non-recessive Bt resistance genes in bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Bt transgenic corn and cotton. J. Econ. Entomol. 96: 137-142.		2003Gould, Fred

Spatial processes in the evolution of resistance in Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Bt transgenic corn and cotton in a mixed agroecosystem: a biology-rich stochastic simulation model

Storer, N. P., S. L. Peck, F. Gould, J. Van Duyn, and G. G. Kennedy. 2003. Spatial processes in the evolution of resistance in Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Bt transgenic corn and cotton in a mixed agroecosystem: a biology-rich stochastic simulation model. J. Econ. Entomol. 96: 156-172.		2003Gould, Fred

Sensitivity analysis of a spatially- explicit stochastic simulation model of the evolution of resistance in Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Bt transgenic corn and cotton

Storer, N. P., S. L. Peck, F. Gould, J. Van Duyn, and G. G. Kennedy. 2003. Sensitivity analysis of a spatially- explicit stochastic simulation model of the evolution of resistance in Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Bt transgenic corn and cotton. J. Econ. Entomol. 96: 173-187.		2003Gould, Fred

Bt resistance evolution in the Helicoverpa zea population in eastern North Carolina

Jackson, R. E., J. R. Bradley Jr., F. Gould, J. W. Van Duyn, and A. D. Burd. 2003. Bt resistance evolution in the Helicoverpa zea population in eastern North Carolina. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Conf., Natl. Cotton Council, Memphis, TN.		2003Gould, Fred

Evidence for multiple mechanisms of resistance to Cry1Ac and Cry2A toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis in Heliothis virescens

Jurat-Fuentes, J. L., F. L. Gould, and M. J. Adang (2003). "Evidence for multiple mechanisms of resistance to Cry1Ac and Cry2A toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis in Heliothis virescens. Submitted after invitation from the editor to Resistant Pest Management Newsletter. Vol. 12, No. 2, Spring 2003.		2003Gould, Fred

Bt-resistance management - theory meets data

Gould, F. 2003. Bt-resistance management - theory meets data . Nature Biotechnology 21: 1450-1451. doi:10.1038/Nbt1203-1450		2003Gould, Fred

Report of the Lignin Modification Group

Kuzma, J. "Report of the Lignin Modification Group." In Criteria for Field Testing Plants with engineered Regulatory, Metabolic and Signaling Pathways. Pp. Wolfenbarger, L. Ed. Information Systems for Biotechnology. 2002.		2002Kuzma, Jennifer

Countering Bioterrorism: The Role of Science and Technology

National Research Council. J. Kuzma. Senior Program Officer. Countering Bioterrorism: The Role of Science and Technology 2002.		2002Kuzma, Jennifer

Marine Biotechnology in the 21st Century

National Research Council. J. Kuzma. Senior Program Officer. Marine Biotechnology in the 21st Century. 2002. doi: 10.17226/10340		2002Kuzma, Jennifer

National Research Council Animal Biotechnology: Science-Based Concerns

National Research Council. J. Kuzma. Program Director. Animal Biotechnology: Science-Based Concerns.2002. doi: 10.17226/10418		2002Kuzma, Jennifer

Environmental Issues Associated with Transgenic Plants

National Research Council. J. Kuzma. Senior Program Officer. Environmental Issues Associated with Transgenic Plants. 2002. doi: 10.17226/10258		2002Kuzma, Jennifer

The Academy Responds (Biotech regulation)

Gould F., and J. Kuzma. "The Academy Responds (Biotech regulation)." The Scientist. October 14, 2002.		2002Kuzma, Jennifer; Gould, Fred

Can we justify resistance management strategies for conventional pesticides?

Gould, F. 2002. Can we justify resistance management strategies for conventional pesticides?, Pp. 180-183. In: R. Laxminarayan [ed.], Battling resistance to antibiotics and pesticides: an economic approach. Washington, DC 377 pp.		2002Gould, Fred

On the need for direct collaboration between economists and biologists

Gould, F. 2002. On the need for direct collaboration between economists and biologists, pp. 113-116. In: R. Laxminarayan [ed.], Battling resistance to antibiotics and pesticides: an economic approach. Washington, DC.		2002Gould, Fred

Bacillus thuringiensis -toxin resistance management: stable isotope assessment of alternate host use by Helicoverpa zea

Gould, F., N. Blair, M. Reid, T. L. Rennie, J. Lopez, and S. Micinski. 2002. Bacillus thuringiensis -toxin resistance management: stable isotope assessment of alternate host use by Helicoverpa zea. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 16581-16586.		2002Gould, Fred

Altered glycosylation of 63- and 68-kilodalton microvillar proteins in Heliothis virescens correlates with reduced Cry1 toxin binding, decreased pore formation, and inc Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1 toxins

Jurat-Fuentes, J. L., F. L. Gould, and M. J. Adang. (2002) "Altered glycosylation of 63- and 68-kilodalton microvillar proteins in Heliothis virescens correlates with reduced Cry1 toxin binding, decreased pore formation, and increased resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1 toxins". Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 68(11), Pp. 5711-5717.		2002Gould, Fred

Behavioral adaptations increase the value of enemy-free space for Heliothis subflexa, a specialist herbivore

Oppenheim, S. J. and F. Gould. 2002. Behavioral adaptations increase the value of enemy-free space for Heliothis subflexa, a specialist herbivore. Evolution 56: 679-689.		2002Gould, Fred

Is attraction fatal? The effects of herbivore-induced plant volatiles on parasitism of a specialist and generalist herbovore

Oppenheim, S. J. and F. Gould. 2002. Is attraction fatal? The effects of herbivore-induced plant volatiles on parasitism of a specialist and generalist herbovore. Ecology 83: 3416-3425.		2002Gould, Fred

Testing Bt refuge strategies in the field

Gould, F. 2000. Testing Bt refuge strategies in the field. Nat. Biotechnol. 18: 266-267. Gould, F. and J. Kuzma. 2002. The academy responds. The Scientist 99: 1681-1686.		2002Gould, Fred

Ecological Monitoring of Genetically Modified Crops

National Research Council. J. Kuzma,. Program Director. Ecological Monitoring of Genetically Modified Crops. 2001. doi: 10.17226/10068.		2001Kuzma, Jennifer

Genetic analysis of larval survival and larval growth of two populations of Leptinotarsa decemlineata on tomato

Lu, W., G. G. Kennedy, and F. Gould. 2001. Genetic analysis of larval survival and larval growth of two populations of Leptinotarsa decemlineata on tomato. Ent. Exp. Appl. 99: 143-155.		2001Gould, Fred

Identification of a gene associated with Bt resistance in Heliothis virescens

Gahan, L. J., F. Gould, and D. G. Heckel. 2001. Identification of a gene associated with Bt resistance in Heliothis virescens. Science 293: 857-860.		2001Gould, Fred

Species diagnosis and Bacillus thuringiensis resistance monitoring of Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) field strains from the southern United States using feeding disruption bioassays

Bailey, W. D., C. Brownie, J. S. Bacheler, F. Gould, G. G. Kennedy, C. E. Sorenson, and R. M. Roe. 2001. Species diagnosis and Bacillus thuringiensis resistance monitoring of Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) field strains from the southern United States using feeding disruption bioassays. J. Econ. Entomol. 94: 76-85.		2001Gould, Fred

Genetically Modified Pest-Protected Plants: Science and Regulation

National Research Council. J. Kuzma, Study Director. Genetically Modified Pest-Protected Plants: Science and Regulation. 2000. doi: 10.17226/9795.		2000Kuzma, Jennifer

Bioinformatics: Converting Data to Knowledge

National Research Council. J. Kuzma, Program Officer. Bioinformatics: Converting Data to Knowledge. 2000. doi: 10.17226/9990.		2000Kuzma, Jennifer

Reassessing autocidal pest control

Gould, F. and P. Schliekelman. 2000. Reassessing autocidal pest control. In G. G. Kennedy and T. B. Sutton [eds.], Emerging Technologies for Integrated Pest Management: Concepts Research and Implementation, pp. 190-207. APS Press, St. Paul, MN.		2000Gould, Fred

Sustainable use of genetically modified crops in developing countries

Gould, F. and M. B. Cohen. 2000. Sustainable use of genetically modified crops in developing countries, pp. 139-146. In: G. J. Persley and M. M. Lantin [eds.], Agricultural biotechnology and the poor. Proc. Intl. Conf., Oct. 21-22, 1999, Washington, DC.		2000Gould, Fred

Heritability of tolerance to the Cry1Ab toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis in Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Alinia, F, M. B. Cohen and F. Gould. 2000. Heritability of tolerance to the Cry1Ab toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis in Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 93:14-17.		2000Gould, Fred

Taste sensitivity of insect herbivores to deterrents is greater in specialists than in generalists: a behavioral test of the hypothesis with two closely related caterpillars

Bernays, e. A., S. Oppenheim, R. F. Chapman, H. Kwon, and F. Gould. 2000. Taste sensitivity of insect herbivores to deterrents is greater in specialists than in generalists: a behavioral test of the hypothesis with two closely related caterpillars. J. Chem. Ecol. 26: 547-563.		2000Gould, Fred

Frequency of alleles conferring resistance to a Bacillus thuringiensis toxin in a Philippine population of Scirpophaga incertulas (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Bentur, J. S., D. A. andow, M. B. Cohen, A. M. Romena, and F. Gould. 2000. Frequency of alleles conferring resistance to a Bacillus thuringiensis toxin in a Philippine population of Scirpophaga incertulas (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 93: 1515-1521.		2000Gould, Fred

Variation in performance on Cry1Ab-transformed and nontransgenic rice varieties among populations of Scirpophaga incertulas (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) from Luzon Island, Philippines

Bentur, J. S., M. B. Cohen, and F. Gould. 2000. Variation in performance on Cry1Ab-transformed and nontransgenic rice varieties among populations of Scirpophaga incertulas (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) from Luzon Island, Philippines. J. Econ. Entomol. 93: 1773-1778.		2000Gould, Fred

Varying migration and deme size and the feasibility of the shifting balance

Peck, S. L., S. P. Ellner, and F. Gould. 2000. Varying migration and deme size and the feasibility of the shifting balance. Evolution 54: 324-327.		2000Gould, Fred

Pest control by the release of insects carrying a female-killing allele on multiple loci

Schliekelman, P. and F. Gould. 2000. Pest control by the release of insects carrying a female-killing allele on multiple loci. J. Econ. Entomol. 93: 1566-1579		2000Gould, Fred

Pest control by the introduction of a conditional lethal trait on multiple loci: potential, limitations, and optimal strategies

Schliekelman, P. and F. Gould. 2000. Pest control by the introduction of a conditional lethal trait on multiple loci: potential, limitations, and optimal strategies. J. Econ. Entomol. 93: 1543-1565.		2000Gould, Fred

Dispersal by larvae of the stem borers Scirpophaga incertulas (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in plots of transplanted rice

Cohen, M. B., A. M. Romena, and F. Gould. 2000. Dispersal by larvae of the stem borers Scirpophaga incertulas (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in plots of transplanted rice. Environ. Entomol. 29: 958-971.		2000Gould, Fred

Larval dispersal and survival of Scirpophaga incertulas (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Crambridae) on CryIAb-transformed and non-transgenic rice

Dirie, A. M., M. B. Cohen, and F. Gould. 2000. Larval dispersal and survival of Scirpophaga incertulas (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Crambridae) on CryIAb-transformed and non-transgenic rice. Entiron. Entomol. 29: 972-978.		2000Gould, Fred

Testing Bt refuge strategies in the field

Gould, F. 2000. Testing Bt refuge strategies in the field. Nature Biotech. 18: 266-267.		2000Gould, Fred

Bt rice: Practical steps to sustainable use

Cohen, M. B., F. Gould, and J. S. Bentur. 2000, Bt rice: Practical steps to sustainable use. International Rice Research Newsletter 25.2		2000Gould, Fred

Microbes, Food Safety and the environment: Issues in Risk Analysis

Ahl, A. and J. Kuzma. "Microbes, Food Safety and the environment: Issues in Risk Analysis." Technology 6: 363-369 (1999).		1999Kuzma, Jennifer

Finding the Path: Issues of Access to Research Resources

National Research Council. J. Kuzma, Program Officer. Finding the Path: Issues of Access to Research Resources. 1999.		1999Kuzma, Jennifer

Spread of resistance in spatially extended regions of transgenic cotton: implications for management of Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Peck, S., F. Gould, and S. Ellner. 1999. Spread of resistance in spatially extended regions of transgenic cotton: implications for management of Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 92:1-16.		1999Gould, Fred

Overexpression of the Bacillus thuringiensis Cry2Aa protein in chloroplasts confers resistance to plants against susceptible and Bt-resistant insects

Kota, M., H. Daniell, S. Varma, S. F. Garczynski, F. Gould, and W. J. Moar. 1999. Overexpression of the Bacillus thuringiensis Cry2Aa protein in chloroplasts confers resistance to plants against susceptible and Bt-resistant insects. Proc. Nat"l. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 1840-1845.		1999Gould, Fred

The inflated calyx of Physalis angulata: a refuge from parasitism for Heliothis subflexa

Sisterson, M. S. and F. Gould. 1999. The inflated calyx of Physalis angulata: a refuge from parasitism for Heliothis subflexa. Ecology 80: 1071-1075.		1999Gould, Fred

Histopathological effects and growth reduction in a susceptible and a resistant strain of Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)caused by sublethal doses of pure Cry1A crystal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis

Martinez-Ramirez, A. C., F. Gould, and J. Ferre. 1999. Histopathological effects and growth reduction in a susceptible and a resistant strain of Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)caused by sublethal doses of pure Cry1A crystal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis. Biocontrol Sci. & Technol. 9: 239-246.		1999Gould, Fred

Identification of residues in domain III of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac toxin that affect binding and toxicity

Lee MK, T.H. You, F. Gould, 1999. Identification of residues in domain III of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac toxin that affect binding and toxicity. Appl. Environ. Microb. 65:4513-4520		1999Gould, Fred

Ecology and biology of cotton bollworm in reference to Bt resistance development in a Bt cotton/Bt corn system

Storer, N. P., J. Vanduyn, F. Gould, and G. G. Kennedy. 1999. Ecology and biology of cotton bollworm in reference to Bt resistance development in a Bt cotton/Bt corn system. In: Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Production and Research Conference, National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN.		1999Gould, Fred

Evolution of region-wide resistance in cotton bollworm to Bt cotton as influence by Bt cotton: identification of key factors through computer simulation

Storer, N. P., S. L. Peck, J. Vanduyn, F. Gould, and G. G. Kennedy. 1999. Evolution of region-wide resistance in cotton bollworm to Bt cotton as influence by Bt cotton: identification of key factors through computer simulation. In: Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Production and Research Conference, National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN.		1999Gould, Fred

Assay kit for species and insecticide resistance diagnosis for tobacco budworm and bollworm in cotton

Roe, R. M., W. D. Bailey, G. Zhao, H. P. Young, L. M. Carter, F. Gould, C. E. Sorenson, G. G. Kennedy, and J. S. Bacheler. 1999. Assay kit for species and insecticide resistance diagnosis for tobacco budworm and bollworm in cotton. Beltwide Cotton Conference, Cotton Insect Research and Control.		1999Gould, Fred

Impact of natural enemies on the evolution of pest resistance to engineered crops

Gould, F., G. G. Kennedy, T. Johnson, T. Riggin Bucci, and S. Arpaia. 1999. Impact of natural enemies on the evolution of pest resistance to engineered crops. IOBC/OILB Newsl. 1: 16-17.		1999Gould, Fred

Evaluation of resistance management strategies for Bt rice

Cohen, M.B., A.M. Romena, R.M. Aguda, A. Dirie, and F. Gould. 1999. Evaluation of resistance management strategies for Bt rice. In: Proceedings of the 2nd Pacific Rim Conference on Biotechnology of Bt and its Impacts on the environment. Pages 496-505		1999Gould, Fred

Ecology and biology of cotton bollworm in reference to modeling Bt resistance development in a Bt cotton/Bt corn system

Storer, N. P., F. Gould, G. G. Kennedy, and J. W. Van Duyn. 1999. Ecology and biology of cotton bollworm in reference to modeling Bt resistance development in a Bt cotton/Bt corn system. In: Cotton Insect Research and Control Conference, 1999 Beltwide Cotton Conference, Memphis, TN, pp. 949, 952.		1999Gould, Fred

Evolution of region-wide resistance in cotton bollworm to Bt cotton as influenced by Bt corn: identification of key factors through computer simulation

Storer, N. P., F. Gould, G. G. Kennedy, S. L. Peck, and J. W. Van Duyn. 1999. Evolution of region-wide resistance in cotton bollworm to Bt cotton as influenced by Bt corn: identification of key factors through computer simulation. In: Cotton Insect Research and Cotton Conference, 1999 Beltwide Cotton Conference, Memphis, TN, pp. 952-956		1999Gould, Fred

Adaptive Risk Analysis for Resource Conservation Programs

Meekhof, R., Kuzma, J., Mauriello, D., Osborn, T., Powell, M., Rice, C., and S. Shafer. (1998). "Adaptive Risk Analysis for Resource Conservation Programs." Proceedings of Risk Based Decision Making in Water Resources VII: 172-186, editors, Yacov Y. Haimes David A. Moser (editor), eugene Z. Stakhiv. American Society of Civil engineering.		1998Kuzma, Jennifer

Final report: Salmonella enteritidis Risk Assessment: Shell eggs and egg Products

Salmonella I enteritidis Risk Assessment Team, Kuzma (resource member) "Salmonella enteritidis Risk Assessment: Shell eggs and egg Products. Final report." Prepared for the USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service. June (1998).		1998Kuzma, Jennifer

Contributor s introduction

Gould, F., B. Tabashnik, W. Hutchison, D. Ferro, D. andow, and M. Whalon. 1998. Contributor"s introduction, pp. 13-18. In M. Melon and J. Rissler [eds.], Now or never: serious new plans to save a natural pest control. UCS Publ. (Union of Concerned Scientists), Boston, MA.		1998Gould, Fred

Bt-cotton resistance management

Gould, F. and B. E. Tabashnik. 1998. Bt-cotton resistance management, pp. 67-105. In Now or Never: Serious New Plans to Save a Natural Pest Control, M. Melon and J. Rissler [eds.]. UCS Publ., Boston, MA.		1998Gould, Fred

Naturally occurring biological controls in genetically engineered crops

Hoy, C. W., J. Feldman, F. Gould, G. G. Kennedy, G. Reed, and J. A. Wyman. 1998. Naturally occurring biological controls in genetically engineered crops, pp. 185-205. In: P. Barbosa (ed.), Conservation Biological Control. Academic Press, New York.		1998Gould, Fred

Sustainability of transgenic insecticidal cultivars: integrating pest genetics and ecology

Gould, F. 1998. Sustainability of transgenic insecticidal cultivars: integrating pest genetics and ecology. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 43: 701-26.		1998Gould, Fred

Manipulating natural enemies by plant variety selection and modification: a realistic strategy?

Bottrell, D. G., P. Barbosa, and F. Gould. 1998. Manipulating natural enemies by plant variety selection and modification: a realistic strategy? Annu. Rev. Entomol. 43: 347-467.		1998Gould, Fred

Bt resistance management: A plan for reconciling the needs of the many stakeholders in Bt-based products

McGaughey, W. H., F. Gould, and W. Gelernter. 1998. Bt resistance management: A plan for reconciling the needs of the many stakeholders in Bt-based products. Nature Biotech. 16: 144-146.		1998Gould, Fred

Increased ovipositional attractancy to surfactant-treated broccoli by the diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae): tests of potential mechanisms

Riggin-Bucci, T. M., F. Gould, and C. White. 1998. Increased ovipositional attractancy to surfactant-treated broccoli by the diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae): tests of potential mechanisms. J. Entomol. Sci. 33: 261-269.		1998Gould, Fred

Do dynamics of crop maturation and herbivorous insect life cycle influence the risk of adaptation to toxins in transgenic host plants? Environ

Onstad, D. W. and F. Gould. 1998. Do dynamics of crop maturation and herbivorous insect life cycle influence the risk of adaptation to toxins in transgenic host plants? Environ. Entomol. 27: 517-522.		1998Gould, Fred

Modeling the dynamics of adaptation to transgenic maize by european corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Onstad, D. W. and F. Gould. 1998. Modeling the dynamics of adaptation to transgenic maize by european corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 91: 585-593.		1998Gould, Fred

Feeding disruption bioassay for species and Bacillus thuringiensis resistance diagnosis for Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea in cotton (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Bailey, W. D., G. Zhao, L. M. Carter, F. Gould, G. G. Kennedy, and R. M. Roe. 1998. Feeding disruption bioassay for species and Bacillus thuringiensis resistance diagnosis for Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea in cotton (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Crop Protec. 17: 591-598.		1998Gould, Fred

Bacillus thuringiensis isolates from the Philippines: habitat distribution, delta-endotoxin diversity, and toxicity to rice stem borers (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Theunis, W., R. M. Aguda, W. T. Cruz, C. Decock, M. Peferoen, B. Lambert, D. G. Bottrell, F. L. Gould, J. A. Litsinger, and M. B. Cohen 1998. Bacillus thuringiensis isolates from the Philippines: habitat distribution, delta-endotoxin diversity, and toxicity to rice stem borers (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Bull. Ent. Res. 88: 335-342.		1998Gould, Fred

A spatially explicit stochastic model demonstrates the feasibility of Wright s shifting balance theory

Peck, S. L., S. P. Ellner, and F. Gould. 1998. A spatially explicit stochastic model demonstrates the feasibility of Wright"s shifting balance theory. Evolution 52: 1834-1839.		1998Gould, Fred

Bollworm (Helicoverpa zea) adaptation to Bt toxin?

Lambert, A. L. , J.R. Bradley, F. Gould, and J.W. Vanduyn. 1998. Bollworm (Helicoverpa zea) adaptation to Bt toxin? In: Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Production and Research Conference, National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN. Pages 1033-1037.		1998Gould, Fred

Rethinking pesticide use

Gould, F. 1998. Rethinking pesticide use. Review of M. L. Winston, Nature Wars. Issues in Science & Technol. 14: 86-90. (Book review)		1998Gould, Fred

Abscisic Acid Signaling Through Cyclic ADP-Ribose in Plants

Wu, Y., Kuzma, J., Marechal, e., Graeff, R., Lee, H.C. and Chua, N-H. "Abscisic Acid Signaling Through Cyclic ADP-Ribose in Plants" Science 278: 2126-2130. (1997).		1997Kuzma, Jennifer

Bioengineering of crops

Kendall, H. W., R. Beachy, T. Eisner, F. Gould, R. Herdt, P. H. Raven, J. S. Schell, and M. S. Swaminathan. 1997. Bioengineering of crops. Report of the World Bank Panel on Transgenic Crops. Environmentally & Socially Sustainable Development Studies and Monographs Series 23, The World Bank, Washington, DC.		1997Gould, Fred

Potential impact of Coleomegilla maculata predation on adaptation of Leptinotarsa decemlineata to Bt-transgenic potatoes

Arpaia, S., F. Gould, and G. Kennedy. 1997. Potential impact of Coleomegilla maculata predation on adaptation of Leptinotarsa decemlineata to Bt-transgenic potatoes. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 82: 91-100.		1997Gould, Fred

Initial frequency of alleles for resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins in field populations of Heliothis virescens

Gould, F., A. Anderson, A. Jones, D. Sumerford, D. G. Heckel, J. Lopez, S. Micinski, R. Leonard, and M. Laster. 1997. Initial frequency of alleles for resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins in field populations of Heliothis virescens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 3519-3523.		1997Gould, Fred

Identification of a linkage group with a major effect on resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis CryIAc endotoxin in the tobacco budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Heckel, D. G., L. C. Gahan, F. Gould, and A. Anderson. 1997. Identification of a linkage group with a major effect on resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis CryIAc endotoxin in the tobacco budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 90: 75-86.		1997Gould, Fred

Genetics of Heliothis and Helicoverpa resistance to chemical insecticides and to Bacillus thuringiensis

Heckel, D. G., L. C. Gahan, F. Gould, J. C. Daly, and S. Trowell. 1997. Genetics of Heliothis and Helicoverpa resistance to chemical insecticides and to Bacillus thuringiensis. Pestic. Sci. 51: 251-258.		1997Gould, Fred

Fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Diatraea liineolata (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae): impact of larval population level and temporal occurrence on maize yield in Nicaragua

Hruska, A. and F. Gould. 1997. Fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Diatraea liineolata (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae): impact of larval population level and temporal occurrence on maize yield in Nicaragua. J. Econ. Entomol. 90: 611-622.		1997Gould, Fred

Effects of natural enemies on relative fitness of Heliothis virescens genotypes adapted and not adapted to resistant host plants

Johnson, M. T., F. Gould, and G. G. Kennedy. 1997A. Effects of natural enemies on relative fitness of Heliothis virescens genotypes adapted and not adapted to resistant host plants. Ent. Exp. Appl. 82:219-230.		1997Gould, Fred

Effect of an entomopathogen on adaptation of Heliothis virescens populations selected on resistant host plants

Johnson, M. T., F. Gould, and G. G. Kennedy. 1997B. Effect of an entomopathogen on adaptation of Heliothis virescens populations selected on resistant host plants. Ent. Exp. Appl.83: 121-135.		1997Gould, Fred

Determination of binding of Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxin receptors to rice stem borer midguts

Lee, M. K., R. M. Aguda, M. B. Cohen, F. L. Gould, and D. H. Dean. 1997. Determination of binding of Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxin receptors to rice stem borer midguts. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63: 1453-1459.		1997Gould, Fred

Impact of intraplot mixtures of toxic and nontoxic plants on population dynamics of diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and its natural enemies

Riggin-Bucci, T. and F. Gould. 1997. Impact of intraplot mixtures of toxic and nontoxic plants on population dynamics of diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and its natural enemies. J. Econ. Entomol. 90: 241-251.		1997Gould, Fred

Review of dynamics of weed populations

Gould, F. 1997. Review of dynamics of weed populations. R. Cousens and M. Mortimer. American Scientist. (Book review)		1997Gould, Fred

Deploying pesticidal engineered crops in developing countries

Gould, F. 1996. Deploying pesticidal engineered crops in developing countries, pp. 264-293. In G. J. Persley [ed.], Biotechnology and integrated pest management. CAB Int., Oxon, UK.		1996Gould, Fred

Monitoring strategies for early detection of Lepidoptera resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal proteins

Sims, S. B., J. T. Greenplate, T. B. Stone, A. Caprio, and F. L. Gould. 1996. Monitoring strategies for early detection of Lepidoptera resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal proteins, pp. 229-242. In T. M. Brown ed.], Molecular genetics and evolution of pesticide resistance. Amer. Chem. Soc., Wash. DC.		1996Gould, Fred

Environmental issues associated with enhancing the impact of biological control agents: A student debate

Gould, F., G.G. Kennedy, and R. Kopanic. [Eds.] 1996. Environmental issues associated with enhancing the impact of biological control agents: A student debate. Am. Entomol. 42:160.		1996Gould, Fred

Effects of age and size on mating in Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): implications for resistance management

Klepetka, B. and F. Gould. 1996. Effects of age and size on mating in Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): implications for resistance management. Environ. Entomol. 25:993-1001.		1996Gould, Fred

Differential predation by Coleomegilla maculata on Colorado potato beetle strains that vary in growth on tomato

Lu, W., G. G. Kennedy, and F. Gould. 1996. Differential predation by Coleomegilla maculata on Colorado potato beetle strains that vary in growth on tomato. Ent. Exp. Appl. 81: 7-14.		1996Gould, Fred

Role of Domain II, loop 2 residues of Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxin in reversible and irreversible binding to Manduca sexta and Heliothis virescens

Rajamohan, F., J. A. Cotrill, F. Gould, and D. H. Dean. 1996A. Role of Domain II, loop 2 residues of Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxin in reversible and irreversible binding to Manduca sexta and Heliothis virescens. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 2390-2396.		1996Gould, Fred

Mutations at domain II, loop 3, of Bacillus thuringiensis CryIAa and CryIAb *-endotoxins suggest loop 3 is involved in initial binding to lepidopteran midguts

Rajamohan, F., A. S.-R. Hussain, J. A. Cotrill, F. Gould, and D. H. Dean. 1996B. Mutations at domain II, loop 3, of Bacillus thuringiensis CryIAa and CryIAb endotoxins suggest loop 3 is involved in initial binding to lepidopteran midguts. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 25220-25226.		1996Gould, Fred

Effect of surfactants, Bacillus thuringiensis formulations, and plant damage on oviposition by diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Riggin-Bucci, T.M. and F. Gould. 1996. Effect of surfactants, Bacillus thuringiensis formulations, and plant damage on oviposition by diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 89: 891-897.		1996Gould, Fred

The genetic basis of differences in growth and behavior of specialist and generalist herbivore species: Selection on hybrids of Heliothis virescens and Heliothis subflexa (Lepidoptera)

Sheck, A. and F. Gould. 1996. The genetic basis of differences in growth and behavior of specialist and generalist herbivore species: Selection on hybrids of Heliothis virescens and Heliothis subflexa (Lepidoptera). Evolution 50: 831-841.		1996Gould, Fred

Monitoring strategies for early detection of Lepidoptera resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal proteins

Sims, S. B., J. T. Greenplate, T. B. Stone, A. Caprio, and F. L. Gould. 1996. Monitoring strategies for early detection of Lepidoptera resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal proteins, pp. 229-242. In: T. M. Brown [ed.], Molecular genetics and evolution of pesticide resistance. Am. Chem. Soc., Washington, DC.		1996Gould, Fred

Regulatory mechanisms in insect feeding

Gould, F. 1996. Regulatory mechanisms in insect feeding. R. F. Chapman and G. DeBoer [eds.]. Crop Protection 15: 321. (Book review)		1996Gould, Fred

Bacteria Produce the Volatile Hydrocarbon Isoprene

Kuzma, J., Nemecek,-Marshall, M., Pollock, W., and R. Fall. "Bacteria Produce the Volatile Hydrocarbon Isoprene" Current Microbiology 30: 97 (1995).		1995Kuzma, Jennifer

Marine Vibrio Species Produce the Volatile Organic Compound Acetone

Nemecek-Marshall, M., Wojciechowski, C., Kuzma, J., Silver, G., and R. Fall. "Marine Vibrio Species Produce the Volatile Organic Compound Acetone" Applied and environmental Microbiology 61: 44 (1995).		1995Kuzma, Jennifer

The evolutionary potential of crop pests

Gould, F. 1995. The evolutionary potential of crop pests, pp. 190-201. In M. Slatkin [ed.], Exploring evolutionary biology: readings from American Scientist. Sinauer Assoc.: Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA.		1995Gould, Fred

High-realism model of Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) adaptation to permethrin

Follett, P., F. Gould, and G.G. Kennedy. 1995. High-realism model of Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) adaptation to permethrin. Environ. Entomol. 24: 167-178.		1995Gould, Fred

Comparisons between resistance management strategies for insects and weeds

Gould, F. 1995. Comparisons between resistance management strategies for insects and weeds. Weed Technol. 9: 830-839.		1995Gould, Fred

Selection and genetic analysis of a Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) strain with high levels of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins

Gould, F., A. Anderson, A. Reynolds, L. Bumgarner & W. Moar. 1995. Selection and genetic analysis of a Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) strain with high levels of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins. J. Econ. Entomol. 88: 1545-1559.		1995Gould, Fred

Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis CryIA endotoxins in a laboratory-selected Heliothis virescens strain is related to receptor alteration

Lee, M. K., F. Rajamohan, F. Gould, and D. H. Dean. 1995. Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis CryIA endotoxins in a laboratory-selected Heliothis virescens strain is related to receptor alteration. Appl. & environ. Microbiol. 61: 3836-3842.		1995Gould, Fred

Assessing compensation for insect damage in mixed plantings of resistant and susceptible potatoes

Nault, B. A., P. A. Follett, F. Gould & G. G. Kennedy. 1995. Assessing compensation for insect damage in mixed plantings of resistant and susceptible potatoes. Am. Potato J. 72: 157-176.		1995Gould, Fred

Genetic analysis of differences in oviposition preferences of Heliothis virescens and H. Subflexa (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Sheck, A. & F. Gould. 1995. Genetic analysis of differences in oviposition preferences of Heliothis virescens and H. Subflexa (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Environ. Entomol. 24: 341-347.		1995Gould, Fred

The empirical and theoretical basis for Bt-resistance management

Gould, F. 1995. The empirical and theoretical basis for Bt-resistance management. ISB News Report, National Biological Impact Assessment Program.		1995Gould, Fred

Resistance management strategies for transgenic potato plants

Gould, F., P. Follett, B. Nault, and G. Kennedy. 1994. Resistance management strategies for transgenic potato plants, pp. 255-277. In G.W. Zehnder, M.L. Powelson, R.K. Jansson, and K.V. Raman [eds.], Advances in potato pest biology and management. APS Press, St. Paul, MN.		1994Gould, Fred

Insect resistance to Bt toxins - can it be delayed?

Gould, F. 1994. Insect resistance to Bt toxins -- can it be delayed?, Pp. 37-42. In R.J. Akhurst [ed.], Proceedings of the 2nd Canberra Bacillus thuringiensis meeting. CPN Publ. Pty., Ltd., Canberra.		1994Gould, Fred

Geographic variation in larval survival and growth of five Scirpophaga incertulas stem borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) strains on different rice hosts

Demayo, C. G., F. Gould, D. G. Bottrell, A. M. Romena, and A. T. Angeles. 1994. Geographic variation in larval survival and growth of five Scirpophaga incertulas stem borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) strains on different rice hosts. Environ. Entomol. 23: 1428-1435.		1994Gould, Fred

Geographic variation in larval survival and development of six Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) strains on different rice hosts

Demayo, C. G., F. Gould, D. G. Bottrell, A. M. Romena, and A. T. Angeles. 1994. Geographic variation in larval survival and development of six Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) strains on different rice hosts. Environ. Entomol. 23: 1436-1442.		1994Gould, Fred

Deposition of insecticide on glass models of lepidopterous larvae

Follett, P., F. Gould, R. Leidy, and J.R. Bradley Jr. 1994. Deposition of insecticide on glass models of lepidopterous larvae. J. Econ. Entomol. 87: 1400-1406.		1994Gould, Fred

Potential and problems with high-dose strategies for pesticidal engineered crops

Gould, F. 1994. Potential and problems with high-dose strategies for pesticidal engineered crops. Biol. Sci. & Technol. 4: 451-461.		1994Gould, Fred

Physiological resistance and behavioral avoidance responses to residues of four pesticides by six spider mite populations

Suiter, K. A. and F. Gould. 1994. Physiological resistance and behavioral avoidance responses to residues of four pesticides by six spider mite populations. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 71: 1-14.		1994Gould, Fred

Bacillus thuringiensis: an environmental biopesticide

Gould, F. 1994. Bacillus thuringiensis: an environmental biopesticide. Quart. Rev. Biol. 69: 545-546. (Book review)		1994Gould, Fred

Leaf Isoprene emission Rate Is Dependent on Leaf Development and the Level of Isoprene Synthase

Kuzma, J. and R. Fall. "Leaf Isoprene emission Rate Is Dependent on Leaf Development and the Level of Isoprene Synthase" Plant Physiology 101: 435 (1993)		1993Kuzma, Jennifer

The spatial scale of genetic variation in insect populations

Gould, F. 1993. The spatial scale of genetic variation in insect populations, pp. 67-85. In K. C. Kim and B. A. McPheron [eds.], Evolution of insect pests: patterns of variation. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 479 Pp.		1993Gould, Fred

RePO: A simulation model that explores Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) adaptation to insecticides

Follett, P. A., G. G. Kennedy, and F. Gould. 1993. RePO: A simulation model that explores Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) adaptation to insecticides. Environ. Entomol. 22: 283-296.		1993Gould, Fred

Comparative fitness of three strains of Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in the field: spatial and temporal variation in insecticide selection

Follett, P. A., F. Gould, and G. G. Kennedy. 1993. Comparative fitness of three strains of Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in the field: spatial and temporal variation in insecticide selection. J. Econ. Entomol. 86: 1324-1333.		1993Gould, Fred

The genetic basis of host range in Heliothis virescens: larval survival and growth

Sheck, A. and F. Gould. 1993. The genetic basis of host range in Heliothis virescens: larval survival and growth. Ent. Exp. Appl. 69: 157-172.		1993Gould, Fred

Book review: The black-capped chickadee: behavioral ecology and natural history

Gould, F. 1993. The black-capped chickadee: behavioral ecology and natural history, by Susan M. Smith. American Scientist. (Book review)		1993Gould, Fred

Resistance to plant allelochemicals in Heliothis virescens (Fabricius)

Rose, R. L., F. Gould, P. Levi, T. Konno & e. Hodgson. 1992. Resistance to plant allelochemicals in Heliothis virescens (Fabricius), pp. 137-148. In C. A. Mullin & J. G. Scott (eds.), Molecular mechanisms of insecticide resistance diversity among insects. ACS Symposium Series 505, Washington, D.C.		1992Gould, Fred

Potential strategies for prolonging the usefulness of Bacillus thuringiensis in engineered rice

Bottrell, D. G., R. M. Aguda, F. L. Gould, W. Theunis, C. G. Demayo, & V. F. Magalit. 1992. Potential strategies for prolonging the usefulness of Bacillus thuringiensis in engineered rice. Korean J. Appl. Entomol. 31: 247-255.		1992Gould, Fred

Broad-spectrum resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins in Heliothis virescens

Gould, F., A. Martinez-Ramirez, A. Anderson, J. Ferre, F. J. Silva & W. J. Moar. 1992. Broad-spectrum resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins in Heliothis virescens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 89: 7986-7990.		1992Gould, Fred

Inheritance of fenvalerate and carbofuran resistance in Colorado beetles -- Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) -- from North Carolina

Heim, D. C., G. G. Kennedy, F. L. Gould & J. W. Van Duyn. 1992. Inheritance of fenvalerate and carbofuran resistance in Colorado beetles -- Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) -- from North Carolina. Pestic. Sci. 34: 303-311.		1992Gould, Fred

Interaction of genetically engineered host plant resistance and natural enemies of Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in tobacco

Johnson, M. T. & F. Gould. 1992. Interaction of genetically engineered host plant resistance and natural enemies of Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in tobacco. Environ. Entomol. 21: 586-597.		1992Gould, Fred

Effects of mating status and age on dispersal behavior in the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae in response to fenvalerate-treated leaf surfaces

Suiter, K. A. & F. Gould. 1992. Effects of mating status and age on dispersal behavior in the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae in response to fenvalerate-treated leaf surfaces. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 62: 1-8.		1992Gould, Fred

The use of ecological genetics in developing and deploying aphid-resistant crop cultivars

Gould, F., L. Wilhoit, and S. Via. 1991. The use of ecological genetics in developing and deploying aphid-resistant crop cultivars, pp. 71-85. In D. C. Peters, J. A. Webster, and C. S. Chlouber [eds.], Proceedings, Aphid- plant interactions: populations to molecules. USDA/Agric. Res. Serv., Oklahoma State Univ. No. MP-132.		1991Gould, Fred

Arthropod behavior and the efficacy of plant protectants

Gould, F. 1991. Arthropod behavior and the efficacy of plant protectants. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 36: 305-330.		1991Gould, Fred

The evolutionary potential of crop pests

Gould, F. 1991. The evolutionary potential of crop pests. Amer. Sci. 79: 496-507.		1991Gould, Fred

Effects of Bacillus thuringiensis and HD-73 delta-endotoxin on growth, behavior, and fitness of susceptible and toxin-adapted strains of Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Gould, F. and A. Anderson. 1991. Effects of Bacillus thuringiensis and HD-73 delta-endotoxin on growth, behavior, and fitness of susceptible and toxin-adapted strains of Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Environ. Entomol. 20: 30-38.		1991Gould, Fred

Effects of natural enemies on the rate of herbivore adaptation to resistant host plants

Gould, F., G. G. Kennedy, and M. T. Johnson. 1991. Effects of natural enemies on the rate of herbivore adaptation to resistant host plants. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 58: 1-14		1991Gould, Fred

Feeding behavior and growth of Heliothis virescens larvae on diets containing Bacillus thuringiensis formulations or endotoxins

Gould, F., A. Anderson, D. Landis, and H. Van Mellaert. 1991. Feeding behavior and growth of Heliothis virescens larvae on diets containing Bacillus thuringiensis formulations or endotoxins. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 58: 199-210.		1991Gould, Fred

Differences in cytochrome P450 activities in tobacco budworm larvae as influenced by resistance to host plant allelochemicals and induction

Rose, R. L., F. Gould, P. E. Levi, and e. Hodgson. 1991. Differences in cytochrome P450 activities in tobacco budworm larvae as influenced by resistance to host plant allelochemicals and induction. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 99: 535-540.		1991Gould, Fred

Evolution of resistance to toxic compounds by arthropods, weeds and pathogens

Gould, F. 1991. Evolution of resistance to toxic compounds by arthropods, weeds and pathogens. Report for the Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washington, DC.		1991Gould, Fred

Ecological genetics and integrated pest management

Gould, F. 1990. Ecological genetics and integrated pest management, pp. 441-458. In C. R.Carroll, J. H. Vandermeer, and P. Rosset, Agroecology. McGraw-Hill Publ., New York.		1990Gould, Fred

Roles for public and private sector scientists in developing pest-resistant crops

Gould and A. Weissinger. 1990. Roles for public and private sector scientists in developing pest-resistant crops, pp. 641-648. In P. Dunn and R. Baker (eds.), New directions in biocontrol. Proc. Univ. California Los Angeles Molecular Biology Symposium.		1990Gould, Fred

Variation in oviposition preference of Heliothis virescens in relation to macroevolutionary patterns of Heliothine host range

Waldvogel, M. and F. Gould. 1990. Variation in oviposition preference of Heliothis virescens in relation to macroevolutionary patterns of Heliothine host range. Evolution 44: 1326-1337.		1990Gould, Fred

Ecological-genetic approaches for the design of genetically engineered crops

Gould, F. 1989. Ecological-genetic approaches for the design of genetically engineered crops, pp. 146-151. In D.		1989Gould, Fred

Future challenges for entomology and the entomological Society of America

Kennedy, G. G. and F. Gould. 1989. Future challenges for entomology and the entomological Society of America. Bull. ESA, Winter 1989.		1989Gould, Fred

Investigating the modes of action of several feeding deterrents against the southern corn rootworm, using behavioral bioassays and toxicity testing

Landis, D. A. and F. Gould. 1989. Investigating the modes of action of several feeding deterrents against the southern corn rootworm, using behavioral bioassays and toxicity testing. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 51: 163-174.		1989Gould, Fred

Integrating biotechnology into agricultural systems: the need for more experimental agriculture at the farm level

Gould, F. 1989. Integrating biotechnology into agricultural systems: the need for more experimental agriculture at the farm level. Brief for U.S. Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry. U.S. Govt. Print. Office, Washington, D.C., S.Prt. No. 101-61.		1989Gould, Fred

Pesticidal transgenic plants and the 1990 Farm Bill

Gould, F. 1989. Pesticidal transgenic plants and the 1990 Farm Bill. Proceedings of Annapolis Conference on Transgenic Plants. USDA, ePA, and FDA. 7-9 September 1988.		1989Gould, Fred

Genetics of pairwise and multispecies plant-herbivore coevolution

Gould, F. 1988. Genetics of pairwise and multispecies plant-herbivore coevolution, pp. 13-55. In K. Spencer [ed.], Chemical mediation of coevolution. Academic Press, New York.		1988Gould, Fred

Biotechnology, biological pesticides and novel plant-pest resistance for insect pest management

Gould, F., Biotechnology, biological pesticides and novel plant-pest resistance for insect pest management. W. Roberts and R. R. Granados (eds.)Proc. Conference Boyce Thompson Inst., Cornell Univ., Ithaca (July 18-20, 1988).		1988Gould, Fred

Physiological and behavioral adaptation to varying environments: a mathematical model

Castillo-Chavez, C., S. A. Levin, and F. Gould. 1988. Physiological and behavioral adaptation to varying environments: a mathematical model. Evolution 42: 986-994.		1988Gould, Fred

Evolutionary biology and genetically engineered crops

Gould, F. 1988A. Evolutionary biology and genetically engineered crops. BioScience 38: 26-33.		1988Gould, Fred

Genetic engineering, integrated pest management and the evolution of pests

Gould, F. 1988B. Genetic engineering, integrated pest management and the evolution of pests. Tree 3/Biotech 6: S15-19. (Trends in ecology & evolution/Trends in Biotechnology).		1988Gould, Fred

Stress specificity of maternal effects in Heliothis virescens (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae

Gould, F. 1988C. Stress specificity of maternal effects in Heliothis virescens (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae. In: Paths from a viewpoint: the Wellington festschrift on insect ecology. Mem. Ent. Soc. Can. 146: 191-197.		1988Gould, Fred

Screening for phyto-protectants to guard corn seeds/seedlings from southern corn rootworm feeding injury

Landis, D. A. and F. Gould. 1988. Screening for phyto-protectants to guard corn seeds/seedlings from southern corn rootworm feeding injury. J. Entomol. Sci. 23: 201-211.		1988Gould, Fred

Conspecific tissues and secretions as sources of nutrition

Joyner, K. and F. Gould. 1987. Conspecific tissues and secretions as sources of nutrition, pp. 697-720. In F. Slansky, Jr. and J. G. Rodriguez (eds.), Nutritional ecology of insects, mites, spiders, and related invertebrates. John Wiley, NY.		1987Gould, Fred

Ecological, agricultural, genetic, and commercial consideration in the deployment of insect-resistant germ plasm

Kennedy, G. G., F. Gould, O. M. B. De Ponti, and R. E. Stinner. 1987. Ecological, agricultural, genetic, and commercial consideration in the deployment of insect-resistant germ plasm. Environ. Entomol. 16: 327- 338.		1987Gould, Fred

Behavior and survival of Heliothis zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) prepupae in no-tillage and conventional-tillage corn

Landis, D. A., J. R. Bradley, Jr. and F. Gould. 1987. Behavior and survival of Heliothis zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) prepupae in no-tillage and conventional-tillage corn. Environ. Entomol. 16: 94-99.		1987Gould, Fred

Thermoregulation by Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi and potential effects on overwintering biology

Meinke, L. and F. Gould. 1987. Thermoregulation by Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi and potential effects on overwintering biology. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 45: 115-121.		1987Gould, Fred

Genetic constraints on the evolution of cannibalism in Heliothis virescens

Gould, F. 1986. Genetic constraints on the evolution of cannibalism in Heliothis virescens, pp.55-62. In M. Huettel (ed.), Evolutionary genetics of insect behavior. Plenum Press, NY.		1986Gould, Fred

Heliothis-host plant interactions

Schneider, J. C., J. H. Benedict, F. Gould, W. R. Meredith, Jr., M. F. Schuster, and G. R. Zummo. 1986. Heliothis- host plant interactions. In Theory and tactics of Heliothis population management. So. Reg. Coop. Project.		1986Gould, Fred

Simulation models for predicting durability of insect-resistant germ plasm: a deterministic diploid, two-locus model

Gould, F. 1986A. Simulation models for predicting durability of insect-resistant germ plasm: a deterministic diploid, two-locus model. Environ. Entomol. 15: 1-10.		1986Gould, Fred

Simulation models for predicting durability of insect-resistant germ plasm: Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)-resistant winter wheat

Gould, F. 1986B. Simulation models for predicting durability of insect-resistant germ plasm: Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)-resistant winter wheat. Environ. Entomol. 15: 11-23.		1986Gould, Fred

Soybean nodule fly, Rivellia quadrifasciata (Diptera: Platystomatidae): aspects of overwintering and adult seasonal abundance

Koethe, R. W., F. Gould, and J. W. Van Duyn. 1986. Soybean nodule fly, Rivellia quadrifasciata (Diptera: Platystomatidae): aspects of overwintering and adult seasonal abundance. Environ. Entomol. 15: 349-354.		1986Gould, Fred

Use of radiographs for movement analysis and life-history studies of soil insects

Villani, M. and F. Gould. 1986. Use of radiographs for movement analysis and life-history studies of soil insects. Environ. Entomol. 15: 462-464.		1986Gould, Fred

Developmental consequences of cannibalism in Heliothis zea

Joyner, K. and F. Gould. 1985. Developmental consequences of cannibalism in Heliothis zea. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 78: 24-28.		1985Gould, Fred

Soybean: a host for larval southern corn rootworms

Meinke, L., F. Gould, and J. Van Duyn. 1985. Soybean: a host for larval southern corn rootworms. Fla. Entomol. 68: 496-498.		1985Gould, Fred

Butterfly milkweed extract as a feeding deterrent of the corn wireworm

Villani, M. and F. Gould. 1985A. Butterfly milkweed extract as a feeding deterrent of the corn wireworm. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 37: 95-100.		1985Gould, Fred

The screening of crude plant extracts as feeding deterrents of the corn wireworm, Melanotus communis

Villani, M. and F. Gould. 1985B. The screening of crude plant extracts as feeding deterrents of the corn wireworm, Melanotus communis. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 37: 69-76.		1985Gould, Fred

Laboratory bioassay of crude extracts as anti-feedants for the southern corn rootworm

Villani, M., L. Meinke, and F. Gould. 1985. Laboratory bioassay of crude extracts as anti-feedants for the southern corn rootworm. Environ. Entomol. 14: 617-619.		1985Gould, Fred

Insects in heterogeneous habitats

Gould, F., and R. E. Stinner. 1984. Insects in heterogeneous habitats. In C. Huffaker and R.L. Rabb (eds.), Ecological entomology. Wiley & Sons, NY.		1984Gould, Fred

Mixed function oxidases and herbivore polyphagy: the devil s advocate position

Gould, F. 1984A. Mixed function oxidases and herbivore polyphagy: the devil's advocate position. Ecol. Entomol. 9: 29-34.		1984Gould, Fred

Role of behavior in the evolution of insect adaptation to insecticides and resistant host plants

Gould, F. 1984B. Role of behavior in the evolution of insect adaptation to insecticides and resistant host plants. Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am. 30: 34-41.		1984Gould, Fred

Cucurbitacins and the biological control of Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi

Gould, F. and A. Massey. 1984. Cucurbitacins and the biological control of Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 36: 273-278.		1984Gould, Fred

Adult size variation of the bean leaf beetle, Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster)

Sims, S. R., P. G. Marrone, F. Gould, R. E. Stinner, and R. L. Rabb. 1984. Adult size variation of the bean leaf beetle, Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster). Environ. Entomol. 13: 300-304.		1984Gould, Fred

Genetics of plant-herbivore systems: interactions between applied and basic study

Gould, F. 1983. Genetics of plant-herbivore systems: interactions between applied and basic study, pp. 599-653. In R. Denno and B. McClure [eds.], Variable plants and herbivores in natural and managed systems. Academic Press, New York.		1983Gould, Fred

Back to top